Abstract Federalism is a constitutional system in which governing authority is divided between a national government and regional governments, each acting directly upon the people. In the United States, federalism works alongside popular sovereignty, limited government, separation of powers, checks and balances, and judicial review. The Constitution grants enumerated powers to the federal government, reserves undelegated powers to the states, and creates areas of concurrent responsibility. This paper introduces the

Introduction Urbanization is the long historical process through which settlements grow into towns and cities and an increasing share of people live in dense, socially complex environments. The original essay correctly identifies three major moments for comparison: the early urban revolution beginning in the fourth millennium BCE, the imperial and commercial cities of the classical world, and the revival and expansion of urban life in the medieval and post-classical period.

(1) In this age of frustration and anxiety, an exceeding number of people, especially the youth, are falling prey to substance abuse to find an escape way from their social and domestic responsibilities, to relieve panic experiences, or just to realize the euphoria pictured in popular media productions. Effective rehabilitative intervention focuses on the identified risk factor of undesired indulgence, and the identified factors help to formulate drug regulatory regimes.