History

What do the terms sympathetic magic and animism refer to? How do they play a central role in the development and survival of early humans? How does the Pygmy Hunting Ritual help us understand their use? How can we relate these ideas to early forms of art? Provide and explain an example of each. Sympathetic magic utilizes the imitation of the environment or living things to influence the outcome of

To the northeast of Downtown Los Angeles, at a distance of about 11 miles, the city of Pasadena is located. This flourishing and quiet city is situated around Arroyo Seco. It was originally inhabited by the Native American Hahamog’na tribe. The word “Pasadena” comes from the Chippewa language, meaning “Crown of the Valley.” The natives dwelled in Arroyo Seco and towards the south, where it joins the Los Angeles River

Introduction The Mississippi Freedom Summer of 1964 was one of the most ambitious grassroots political campaigns of the American civil rights movement. Formally known as the Mississippi Summer Project, it brought together local Black residents, experienced civil rights organizers, students, teachers, lawyers, clergy members, and volunteers from across the United States. Their goal was not simply to add names to voter-registration lists. They sought to challenge an entire political system

Introduction The Soviet-Afghanistan war was a conflict that lasted from 1979 to 1989, in which the Soviet Union (USSR) intervened militarily in Afghanistan to support the communist government there. The intervention was in response to a rebellion by Islamic fundamentalists known as the Mujahideen, who were opposed to the communist government. The Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan was initially successful in establishing control over the major cities and infrastructure of

Archaeology and Discovery of the Terracotta Army Throughout antiquity, archaeologists have discovered and revealed many fossils, features and artefacts that have an important amount of antiquity and significance behind their discovery. One of the famous archaeology discoveries is the crafted hands, clay soldiers buried with the primary Chinese emperor around his tomb, and other items of his riches. The sovereign, Qin Shi Huang, suppressed the army to take his accomplishments

Anti-Mexican sentiment in the United States did not begin with modern immigration debates. Its roots can be traced to European religious prejudice, anti-Spanish propaganda, racial assumptions, territorial expansion, and political conflict in the borderlands. Raymund Paredes’s influential article, “The Origins of Anti-Mexican Sentiment in the United States,” argues that Anglo-American attitudes toward Mexicans were shaped before large numbers of Americans had direct contact with Mexico. Images inherited from England portrayed

Surrealism emerged in the late 1910s and extended through the 1920s, gaining fame as a literary movement that revolved around the notion of novel means of expression. To realize the boundless imagination of the subconscious, Surrealism was sanctified in 1924 in Paris. The Manifesto of Surrealism was published by Andre Breton, making it an important political and intellectual movement (Voorhies, 2004). The Surrealist movement emerged out of a disdain for

Industrialization as a Turning Point in American History United States history witnessed a major turning point during the era of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century in the form of the Industrial Revolution. The renowned second wave of industrialization shifted the agrarian and handy craft national economy to heavy mechanization and massive industrial manufacturing. Such a revolution dissected almost every aspect of human life into multiple divisions, which widened

What were some of the reasons the Romans emerged as a very practical people?  In what areas of Roman life do we see evidence of their practical nature? Provide and explain at least one example (from both the Roman Culture Lecture Presentation and the Roman Architecture Lecture Presentation) of Roman contributions to the Humanistic tradition that reveals this practical and/or pragmatic outlook. In 753 BCE, Rome was founded by twin

Introduction Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Americanah is deliberately nonlinear. The novel opens as Ifemelu prepares to leave the United States for Nigeria, then moves through memories of her adolescence, migration, relationships, depression, work, racial education, and eventual return. Obinze’s parallel story follows a different migration route through undocumented life in Britain and later prosperity in Nigeria. Reconstructing a timeline clarifies cause and effect without replacing the novel’s artistic structure. The following

What Is Antigone’s Primary Moral Conflict? Antigone, written by Sophocles and first performed in ancient Athens around 441 BCE, begins after a civil war in Thebes. The sons of Oedipus, Eteocles and Polyneices, have killed one another while fighting over rule of the city. Creon, the new king, honors Eteocles as a defender of Thebes but prohibits burial of Polyneices, whom he considers a traitor. Antigone, sister to both men

Neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism offer different but overlapping ways to interpret international events. The original essay applies these approaches to the Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act of 2020, signed into U.S. law on June 17, 2020, and to the sanctions imposed in connection with human-rights abuses in China’s Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The basic comparison should be preserved, but the theories require more precise explanation. Neorealism focuses on anarchy, security,

Introduction Greece and Rome were two potentially strong domains in history. Both the Mediterranean nations were alike enough latitudinally to cultivate wines and olives but to hold their uniqueness deep down. Greece was the head and heart of the classical spirit to Rome, being the body to transfer that spirit to the rest of the world. The resemblances and differences between the two mighty empires have always been of interest

Introduction Colonial America offered land, trade, religious refuge, and political participation to some people while denying liberty through dispossession, slavery, indentured servitude, gender hierarchy, and property restrictions. The original essay recognizes this contradiction but makes several historical errors. The thirteen colonies were not all “New England,” the Mayflower Compact did not establish religious freedom for Pilgrims and non-Pilgrims, and nineteenth-century Indian wars fall outside the colonial period. A more accurate

Introduction Slavery was central to the political economy and social order of the nineteenth-century United States, especially in the South. Enslaved African Americans produced cotton, sugar, rice, tobacco, and other commodities while being denied legal freedom, wages, family security, education, and control over their own movement. The institution also shaped national politics through representation, territorial expansion, fugitive-slave law, and repeated conflict over whether slavery would spread westward. By 1860, nearly

Introduction The Jim Crow system and the Spanish-American War are often taught as separate topics: one concerns racial segregation within the United States, while the other concerns war, empire, and overseas expansion in 1898. Studied together, they reveal a central contradiction in the nation’s development at the end of the nineteenth century. The United States expanded its power abroad while Black citizens in the South were being disfranchised, segregated, economically

The American war was fought between the North (The Union) and the South (The confederacy) Americans from 1861 to 1865. The Civil War was basically initiated due to the long-standing controversy of black people slavery. It destroyed the infrastructure of the South and especially the transportation system was affected. The confederacy was collapsed, slavery ended, and millions of black slaves got freedom. In the 1860 presidential election, Abraham Lincoln became

Introduction California’s history did not begin with the Gold Rush, Spanish missions, or American statehood. Long before Europeans entered the region, hundreds of self-governing Indigenous communities occupied and cared for the lands now called California. These societies included the Chumash, Pomo, Maidu, Miwok, Ohlone, Tongva, Yurok, Karuk, Mojave, Quechan, Kumeyaay, and many others. Scholars estimate that between 300,000 and 400,000 Indigenous people lived in California before sustained European colonization. They

Baseball, War, and the Setting of the World Series In September 1919, the World Baseball Series was in town, hosting both Babe Ruth as well as Boston Red Sox. The games were played at Comiskey Park, which was the home ground for the white sox since the place had no fans compared to their new home, Weegham Park, at Wrigley Field. Comiskey Park was a baseball park that was located