Introduction Shigella is regarded as one of the oldest human-specific pathogens that evolved approximately 35000 to 170000 years ago. This period is significantly important as the only hosts of this bacteria, i.e. the homo sapiens, also originated and expanded during this time. It belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family. The genus Shigella comprises four species which cause millions of cases of shigellosis every year. Basic Characteristics Shigellae is a gram-negative, non-motile

Hotez, P. J. (2019, September 5). Immunizations and vaccines: a decade of successes and reversals, and a call for ‘vaccine diplomacy’. Retrieved July 12, 2021, from Oxford Academic: https://academic.oup.com/inthealth/article/11/5/331/5481423?login=true Hotez, (2019), details the work done by different vaccine alliances, including WHO, UNICEF, and Gavi. He explains that 300 million children will be immunized by 2020, which will ensure that these children have a fighting chance against diseases like tetanus, measles,

Human generations have been facing multiple survival threats across the globe since the start of their settlement. Among them, health hazards and disease spread remained at the top of the list. With the immense struggle of decades and centuries, human beings have found a way to survive with vaccines. Vaccines are specific agents that enhance an individual’s immunity against a specific disease and protect the respective individual. Vaccines are weak

Health plays a significant role in making a state powerful and flourishing. Vaccinations play a significant role in potentially improving the health of the population. Whenever a pandemic hits any country, they suffer massive economic crises along with health catastrophes. Only a healthy individual will contribute to the economic growth and accomplishments of the country. Therefore, it can be said that vaccinations play a noteworthy role in improving the economic

Introduction Shigella is a bacterial virulent that causes shigellosis, which is a type of bacterial diarrhoea. Its evolution is as old as the origin of homo sapiens, and it is characterized as one of the earliest human-specific pathogens. Its progression dates back to 35000 to 170000 years ago. Shigella is a pathogen from the Enterobacteriaceae family and encompasses four species. These four strains of this microorganism, namely “Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella

The growth and development of global vaccination programs have resulted in extraordinary trends in public health. The global vaccination program is headed by the United Nations (UN), and various agencies such as UNICEF, WHO, and Vaccine Alliance are a part of it. The measures taken by these agencies have boosted the vaccination numbers among children, with hundreds of millions of children being immunized, thereby reducing deaths that result from tetanus,

Vaccines are considered a great win against numerous viral diseases as they help create antibodies in people to help them fight against deadly viruses. Organizations like WHO and UNICEF have made huge efforts to achieve Global Immunization so that people all around the globe can lead healthy lives. Every decade, Immunization is planned, and revisions are made to it so that it can be carried out efficiently and more people

Anti-vaxxers believe that vaccines are created to cause harm as they do not know what is in them, and those who do know are opposed to the idea of being injected with a part of a virus. Perhaps their concerns are valid, as the criticism is based on sanitary, religious, and political concerns. Science has always presented facts that have opposed the religious beliefs of many people and have negated

On 6th December 2013, in a remote village in Guinea, South Africa, a child passed away due to a mysterious disease. Within a few days of passing, his mother, sister, and grandmother also met the same fate through the hands of the same disease, and so did the two nurses who treated the family. The child’s name remained unknown; however, for epidemiologists, this child became “Patient Zero” as he was

  Organism Disease(s) Symptoms of the Disease Species: Trypanosoma brucei (Genus: Trypanosoma) – African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness) – Animal Tryponosomiasis (Nagana) The tsetse fly is the primary carrier of this parasite. The bite of this fly is extremely painful, but if it infects the bite with the parasite, then it will develop into a red sore called chancre. This is the first symptom. Then, the patient will experience the following

The cervix is the lower part or organ of the uterus that connects with the vagina. The growth of cancerous cells in the tissues of the cervix is known as cervical cancer. This cancer spreads slowly and may not reveal any symptoms. Characterized as one of the most commonly occurring cancers among women worldwide, cervical cancer is a sexually transmitted disease. The risk of cervical cancer can be reduced by

Introduction Often referred to as a transmissible or infectious disease, communicable diseases are the ones that are easily transmitted between living organisms, i.e., humans and animals. These diseases are caused by pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. After getting infected by a particular pathogen, people may develop varying degrees of communicable disease. The infection mostly occurs by coming in direct contact with infected people, contaminated surfaces, or fluids such as

Diabetes A chronic health condition, diabetes, impacts the body’s ability to convert food to energy. The food that we eat is broken into sugar, i.e., glucose, which is released into the bloodstream. An increase in blood glucose level triggers the pancreas to release insulin, which then facilitates its use as energy by cells. For individuals with diabetes, either enough insulin is not produced, or it is not used effectively. This

  Organism Genus Species Gram Reaction Morphology Diseases Caused Symptoms of Disease Bacillus B. cereus Gram- Positive rod-shaped bacilli with square ends Flagella driven motility Foodborne illnesses such as the emetic (vomiting) syndrome and the diarrhoeal syndrome. severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea due to indigestion of the infected food Bacillus B. Anthracis  Gram-Positive Rod-shaped bacterium endospore-forming Anthrax:  Pulmonary Anthrax, Gastrointestinal Anthrax Usually caused to livestock and human beings Fever and chills

All the body organs work in strong coordination under the leading instructions of the nervous system, i.e., the peripheral nervous system or the autonomic nervous system. Similar is the case with the heart, which reacts differently in a normal and frightening situation. All the events carried out in our hearts during a normal morning routine are commonly called the cardiac cycle. This cycle includes four adjacent stages, namely relaxation, inflow,

What were the overreaching questions the researchers were asking? The overarching question posed by researchers was, “Is there a prevalence of fitness conflict between microbes and the host in a mutualistic relationship?” Also, do the weaker microbes turn into cheaters to increase their fitness at the expense of their hosts? What were the overall conclusions drawn from the results? The overall conclusion was that microbes like independent E. metiloti, which

Introduction The skeletal system is known as the basic framework upon which the whole body gets support. The skeletal system contributes by providing support, stature, and movement of the body. This system is highly connected to the muscular system in fulfilling its tasks. This research project analyzes the skeletal system and explicates the anatomy, physiology, homeostasis, and disease in the femur bone, which is one of the long bones of

Background of the Study: DNA is the building blog and blueprints for life to exist, all living organisms have DNA. The Separation of DNA is the most needed and vital technique used to study DNA. The separation of DNA from its cells and its sanitization is of key significance in the biotechnology field and forensics. The Separation and purification of DNA are the primary phases in the study and analysis

Research suggests that viruses are pervasive companions of all kinds of life forms. All the studies conducted on living organisms highlighted that each organism had a virus of its own (Koonin, Senkevich, & Dolja, 2006). Viruses are known to be the smallest known infective agents. They lack the attributes that a cell has and therefore, viruses are termed as non-living entities. In addition to this, the aspect that sets viruses

Introduction: Sickle cell anemia health condition is an inherited disease where the infected person’s hemoglobin is characterized by abnormality depicted by the sickle-like shape. (National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, (2016). This paper will discuss sickle cell anemia disease, the guidelines, and reasons for the regulations provided by the FDA guiding the introduction of new pharmaceutical agents as a policy. The ethical considerations in the process of dealing with sickle