BIOLOGY

Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) is a poorly understood chronic pain syndrome affecting over 45% of the American population. The nervous system has an amplified response to stimulation on both the ascending and descending paths, but we are poorly able to measure the disease with diagnostic testing.   What are the cardinal symptoms of FMS? The cardinal symptom FMS is known for is chronic pain above and below the waist, on both

Acute Renal Failure (ARF) can be categorized into three stages. Please define and give an example of each stage. Pre-renal The stage of pre-renal is defined as the condition that occurs in almost 60-70 % of acute renal failure cases when the blood supply to the kidneys is compromised that causes severe burns, reduced blood pressure in kidneys as well as the entire body, excessive bleeding, severe dehydration, and may

Gastro-esophageal reflux is a common problem, creating damage and inflammation from acid in the esophagus for both infants and adults. What is the goal of treatment of GERD in an adult? The goals of treatment of Gastro-esophageal reflux disease in an adult include the prevention of relapse of esophagitis or mucosal lesions, healing of the esophageal lining, and prevention of strictures ulcerations that may cause bleeding. An adult may experience

Etiology- What causes this disease? The etiology of Hyperparathyroidism disease is the deficiency or low levels of parathyroid hormone that leads to an increased level of phosphate and a low level of calcium in the human blood. The majority of the cases of hyperparathyroidism are caused after the surgery for malignant and benign thyroid disorders and post-surgery for neck and head cancers. Moreover, neurosurgical etiologies of hyperparathyroidism include autoimmune destruction

Introduction Inflammatory Bowel Disease or IBD is an umbrella term that refers to a group of inflammatory disorders which mainly affect the intestine when the immune system attacks a harmless bacteria or virus in the gut eventually leading to bowel injury that is caused due to inflammation in the intestinal tract. Symptoms of IBD and related diseases include diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal cramps, iron deficiency, fever, and anemia. The major

Etiology- What causes this disease? This cancerous disease begins in the final part of the digestive tract in the large intestine of a person called the colon. There are many possible reasons that can cause colon cancer including years of obesity, type II diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), etc. If a person has ever had Crohn’s disease (a chronic abnormal immune response that affects the digestive system) or ulcerative colitis

Within the enormous avenues for self-discovery, a personalized trip into your genetic makeup can be revealed with the help of your DNA. The rapidly expanding field of genetic testing has made it possible to gain previously unattainable insights into your family history, general health, and well-being. What if your DNA contained a roadmap that provided a personalized account of your life? The purpose of this investigation is to shed light on

RNA Ribonucleic acid, or RNA, is a long, single-stranded chain of nucleic acid cells that contains proteins. Phosphate groups and the sugar ribose make up the backbone of RNA molecules (Lambert, 2001). RNA is an example of a cell chain that transports the genetic information of numerous viruses from the cell to the cytoplasm. All living cells include the macromolecule RNA, which is critical to the functioning of the cell.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition of respiratory passageways, particularly the mucosa, causing narrowing of the respiratory passaging ways, which can ultimately cause difficulty in breathing. It may cause constriction of pulmonary smooth muscles and periods of bronchoconstriction, i.e., bronchial hyperactivity. Two main types of asthma exist in respective patients: allergic and non-allergic. In both categories, bronchial hyperactivity is evident in all cases (Fricker et al., 2020). Multiple asthma symptoms

Surrogate Motherhood Regulations, Olympia State, 2021 This is a legal statute to regulate surrogacy in the state according to law and secure the parties’ judicial rights involved herewith. Short title, extent and commencement: These regulations may be called “Surrogate Motherhood Regulations, Olympia State, 2021”. These regulations extend to the whole state as and where required to be acted upon and will come into implementation at once. Definitions: In these regulations: “State”

Case Study: Summary Armando Dimas is a Latin American who has been shot in the neck and the left temple (damaging the skull). After going to an emergency room at a local hospital, Armando Dimas was taken to Hermann Hospital. At the hospital, Armando is examined by Dr. MacDougall. After examining the gunshot wounds and the medical condition of Armando Dimas, the medical staff, including Dr MacDougall, have made the

Biochemical Tests Biochemical tests are a fundamental part of biological and biochemical laboratory work, as they are used to detect and confirm the presence of key biomolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in different samples. These macromolecules play essential roles in living organisms, including energy storage, structural support, and metabolic regulation. In this laboratory exercise, the presence of carbohydrates (starch, reducing sugars, and non-reducing sugars), proteins, and lipids is

Embryo Research Introduction Bioethical guidelines are used to define the moral boundaries of medical practice and research. The integration of these principles is imperative to ensure that treatments and research do not involve malpractices. This is especially important when dealing with human subjects. Often, researchers conduct studies that may benefit society and help develop the scientific field. However, not all studies are free of bioethical controversies. One such research was

Introduction In medical science, one of the most important aspects is that of bioethics, which must be integrated into day-to-day practice to guide an ethical pathway that may not always be clearly outlined. These ethical endeavours are often challenged in case of emergencies and crises, thereby testing the general rules and principles of ethics. In such emergency scenarios where the magnitude of impact is at a large scale, medical professionals

Human generations have been facing multiple survival threats across the globe since the start of their settlement. Among them, health hazards and disease spread remained at the top of the list. With the immense struggle of decades and centuries, human beings have found a way to survive with vaccines. Vaccines are specific agents that enhance an individual’s immunity against a specific disease and protect the respective individual. Vaccines are weak

Introduction Shigella is a bacterial virulent that causes shigellosis, which is a type of bacterial diarrhoea. Its evolution is as old as the origin of homo sapiens, and it is characterized as one of the earliest human-specific pathogens. Its progression dates back to 35000 to 170000 years ago. Shigella is a pathogen from the Enterobacteriaceae family and encompasses four species. These four strains of this microorganism, namely “Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella

Vaccines are considered a great win against numerous viral diseases as they help create antibodies in people to help them fight against deadly viruses. Organizations like WHO and UNICEF have made huge efforts to achieve Global Immunization so that people all around the globe can lead healthy lives. Every decade, Immunization is planned, and revisions are made to it so that it can be carried out efficiently and more people

On 6th December 2013, in a remote village in Guinea, South Africa, a child passed away due to a mysterious disease. Within a few days of passing, his mother, sister, and grandmother also met the same fate through the hands of the same disease, and so did the two nurses who treated the family. The child’s name remained unknown; however, for epidemiologists, this child became “Patient Zero” as he was

  Organism Disease(s) Symptoms of the Disease Species: Trypanosoma brucei (Genus: Trypanosoma) – African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness) – Animal Tryponosomiasis (Nagana) The tsetse fly is the primary carrier of this parasite. The bite of this fly is extremely painful, but if it infects the bite with the parasite, then it will develop into a red sore called chancre. This is the first symptom. Then, the patient will experience the following

The cervix is the lower part or organ of the uterus that connects with the vagina. The growth of cancerous cells in the tissues of the cervix is known as cervical cancer. This cancer spreads slowly and may not reveal any symptoms. Characterized as one of the most commonly occurring cancers among women worldwide, cervical cancer is a sexually transmitted disease. The risk of cervical cancer can be reduced by