Introduction On April 2, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson asked a joint session of Congress to declare war against Germany. The original essay correctly emphasizes American neutrality, trade with the Allies, German submarine warfare, and Wilson’s eventual change of policy, but it contains major historical errors. Russia did not ally with Germany for protection; the Ottoman Empire was declining rather than expanding across Europe; American ports were not rented neutrally to

A social contract can be defined as a philosophical assumption that implies agreements whereby people form states to have social order (Locke 3). The implication is that people give up certain rights to the state or government for the greater benefit of social order. Therefore, the theory of contract gives the justification behind the historical concept that legitimate state power and authority must be driven by the consent of the

William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice presents Portia as a wealthy, intelligent heiress who possesses substantial social privilege but lacks authority over one of the most personal decisions in her life. Her deceased father has created a test requiring each suitor to choose among gold, silver, and lead caskets. Portia must marry the man who selects the correct casket and must reject every man who chooses incorrectly. The original essay

The question of whether human beings can survive permanently on a celestial body other than Earth has inspired science, engineering, philosophy, and public policy. The original essay begins with the argument that long-term threats to human civilization make space settlement worth considering and asks why Mars is often discussed more frequently than the Moon. That question remains useful, but colonization should not be presented as an immediate escape from climate