Review Of Evidence For Bystander Intervention To Prevent Sexual And Domestic Violence In Universities

Research Questions

• Does sexual and domestic violence affect women more than men?
• What is the change in the level of sexual and domestic violence in the university since the intervention of bystanders?
• State And Define the Main Independent And Dependent Conceptual Variables.

The conceptual variables are variables that the researcher thinks up before commencing with the study; she/the researcher wants to measure them. The main variable bystander intervention wants to measure is the behaviors of students. Factors for measuring student behavior are the social norms and normal and acceptable behavior. Another thing is intelligence and the knowledge of the students towards addressing domestic violence among themselves. The researcher may consider the g-factor, for instance, as a psychological way of handling a huge problem (Anne Fenton, Dr. Rachel,.p28).

The dependent conceptual variables are the variables that depend on other factors so that they can be measured. They depend on experiments for measurement to identify the independent variable they depend on, Researchers can make changes on the independent variables to get the resulting dependent variables. The suitable target of violence against women is a variable that depends on the high number of criminal cases happening in the university. The motivated offender is also a variable that explains that violence is prevented after depending on the risk of an individual being charged and reported for violent behaviors.

Specifically, State How The Independent And Dependent Variables Are Operationalized.

The dependent variable in the research is the behavior of university students. The behavior of the students is measured by the use of social norms that determine the rules of a certain group of people or instance, the behavior of females at the university. If certain messages are seen in certain behaviors, the individual will have to correct the behavior. Knowledge is another variable in the study; it’s seen when one is expected to notice the problem in the university (Anne Fenton, Dr. Rachel,p.38).

The availability of evidence on social violence is a dependent variable; for evidence, factors causing it should be identified. The violence is rooted in the relations and roles of gender in society. Feeling responsible is a variable that the researcher uses to show the effects of bystander intervention on the problem. It’s manipulated by the way students strive to prevent violence.

Relationships Between Operationalized Independent And Dependent Variables

The main relationship between the variables is that the independent variables cause some change in the dependent variables while the dependent variables do not necessarily cause some change to an independent variable. The main relationship is that the variable is in the way they are used in the prevention of domestic violence through creating good relationships among the peers and the participants.

Relationship Between The Operationally Independent And Dependent Variables From Experiments

The results show a significant increase in the sense of helping the domestic violence victim from pre-test to post-test (n=148;p<001). Amar and Kesler (2012) talk about the bystanders reported that there is a significant decrease in the denial violence in the university from (n=53;p<001), and the measured denial behavior also decreased in the university. The environment evaluation is caused by the changes in behaviors of the college making the variables related.

Results Interpretation

The intervention initiative to address the causes of the problem is not taken seriously by students. This created a poor variation in implementation and measures used to increase intervention. The variables are numerous, hence unable to capture the efficiency of bystander programs fighting violence. The increased demand for the program has achieved an effective way of preventing sexual and domestic violence against women.

The strength of the bystander program in dealing with violence is that it has the confidence to intervene. The report shows that there is significant efficiency in the scores from the pretest and post-test of (n = 193; p = .000). The study has the data intention that helped in increasing intervention. The number of participants in the program has also increased so that they learn about domestic violence. (Anne Fenton, Dr. Rachel,p.66)The weaknesses are that bystander has difficulties in measuring the community changes in the level of violence. There are also a lot of difficulties in measuring the bystander intentions required end as new programs are implemented. Social norms have changed positively, causing less problematic evidence in the community. Even with the imperfect measures, there is a positive change in the participants in bystander programs. The changes are cognitive, behavioral and attitudinal.

Work Cited

Anne Fenton, Dr. Rachel. A Review Of Evidence For Bystander Intervention To Prevent Sexual And Domestic Violence In Universities. LONDON, PHE Publications Gateway, 2016, http://file:///C:/Users/Daisy/Downloads/PHE_PublishedLitReviewApr2016.pdf.