Barnett, M. Pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD patients. Journal of Community Nursing, 24(6), (2010): 4.
This article is from the British Journal of Community Nursing. It provides an overview of elements of successful, evidence based, COPD rehabilitation programs in the UK. It covers all aspects from staffing and facilities, to educational topics and support systems to exercise regimes as well methods for evaluating outcomes. The general requirements for a successful rehabilitation programs are incorporated from this article with clear explanation of all the resources demanded in order to establish a concise COPD patient care. For the purpose of my final paper, this article will provide supportive facts and case scenarios in establishing the need, requirements and effects of an effective and functional rehabilitation program for the patients. Subsequently, in reference to the credibility of this article, the author is affiliated to an accredited and recognized insistution which has an established standards for publishing scholary materials.
Grimes, G., Manning, J., Patel, P., Via, M. Medications for COPD: A Review of Effectiveness. Journal of the American Academy of Family Physicians, 76(8), (2015): 1142-1148. Retrieved from http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/1015/p1141.html
This scholarly article includes a review of effective and efficacy of different medications that are utilized to treat the obstructive pulmonary disease. Among the medications included are anti-cholinergic which are long and short acting medicines whose effectiveness is to reduce hospitalization, exacerbations, death as well as improving exercise tolerance, pulmonary function an quality of sleep. Other effective inhaled medications include cortiticsterids, agonistsa and beta2 and can also be taken orally, these medications have been found to reduce potassium concentration and increase cardiovascular events and hence providing supplemental oxygen as required by the body. Grimes et al. provides several remedies and medications and their effectiveness in treating COPD. For my research paper I intend to use the specific facts provided by Grimes et al. to analyze various medications which have been proved to be effective in reducing the effects of pulmonary disease. The information from this article will be used in supporting the argument for the use of proper medications to COPD patients. Since this article originates from the journal of the American academy of family physicians, I find it credible and the information and facts provided to be true as they have been cited and supported by other academic authors.
Hoonhorst, S., Timens, W., Koenderman, L., Lo Tam Loi, A., Lammers, J., Boezen, H., et al. Increased activation of blood neutrophils after cigarette smoking in young individuals susceptible to COPD. Respiratory Research, 15(1) 2014. Doi: 10.1186/s12931-014-0121-2
Defining persons’ susceptible to develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in an early stage acts as the best measure of preventing the onset of COPD late in life. This study has put emphasis in identifying a blood-marker which indicates an inflammatory response associated to smoking in young smokers compared to a group of old smokers. This study identifies the possibility of an increase of inflammatory response which coincides with the development of COPD at a later stage in life. In the above journal, blood samples were taken from subjects before and after they were required to smoke three cigarettes in an hour. The blood samples taken before smoking were analyzed and compared to the samples taken after the subject smoked cigarettes in order to observe if there is any increase in the blood neutrophils; a white blood cell type which is essential to the immune system and its effective function.
The study ascertained that the blood-markers became activated immediately after smoking and most specific n the young susceptible adults. Therefore, measurable inflammatory markers can be used to identify individuals susceptible to development of COPD in order to prevent the onset of the pulmonary disease. In my research, this study will be essential in providing statistics and facts on identifying inflammatory markers which are used in preventing the COPD disease. This study provides a real case scenario which will be used to explain further the effectiveness of using the measurable inflammatory markers. This respiratory research was carried out by medical practitioners ie. Hoonhorst et al. who have substantial knowledge in respiratory diseases and research and hence the information provided has a degree of credibility.
Ferrara, A. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Radiologic Technology, 82(3), (2011): 245-263. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&hid=3&sid=aacdb70e-571d-4b5b-bb25-19d2ba539a8d%40sessionmgr13
This article is an overview of COPD and includes information to help the audience understand the significant of COPD as a public health threat in the globe. It explains the etiology of COPD and its effects on the components of the respiratory system, as well as discusses the systemic effects. Challenges with imaging studies of patients with COPD are discussed and current and developing imaging techniques are described. Current and future treatment options are also included. New technologies have emerged in the COPD management to aid in diagnosing and monitoring of the cause of the acute exacerbations. This article incorporates numerous technological advances focused on the medical and clinical practices associated with novel COPD patients. The technological advances in this field of medicine have had positive effects on the long term care of the COPD condition. Subsequently, the diagnostic advances have facilitated the invention of telemedicine which aid in treatment, management and monitoring of these diseases.
The article will be instrumental in my research paper as it will provide concise information on new technologies and their application in the bettering of the COPD patient care and management. The role of technology in COPD management will be highlighted in the paper and hence, the facts, statistics and general knowledge about technology will be incorporated from this article in order to establish the potential positive impact the technology has in terms of diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of the disease. I find this article to have exhibit a high degree of scholarly integrity due to reference academic articles and websites from experts in this field of medicine.
Carter, R., Rodriguez, B., Williams, J., Koh, Y., & Chilek, D. R. Respiratory Muscle Training in Patients with COPD. RT: The Journal for Respiratory Care Practitioners, 24(7), (2011): 8-13.
This article from The Journal for Respiratory Care Practitioners provides details on when respiratory muscle training might be an appropriate treatment option for COPD patients as well as potential regimens and methods for measuring outcomes. While written primarily for the respiratory care professional, certain sections can help inform and educate patients as to the need for repository exercise in their rehabilitation program. This article provides basic understanding on practical measures and regimens which are effective in providing rehabilitation care for COPD affected individuals. According to Carter et al. the severity of the COPD symptoms can be managed by effective management of the disease. Effective and Proper management of COPD have been established to reduce breathlessness, improve the quality of life and the overall capacity of physical wellbeing.
This study proposes special measures known as COPD rehabilitation services provided by health care practitioners with the aim of empowering patients with skills and information necessary for managing health. These services provide a holistic approach which is significant in improving health and incorporates multiple topics in relation to self-care that can be effectively integrated. For my final research paper, I will incorporate this article section to emphasize on the need for repository exercise as a treatment remedy for COPD patients. In supporting the credibility of the source, this study is a peer reviewed article and published by university press with scholarly credibility.
Guarascio, A. J., Ray, S. M., Finch, C. K., & Self, T. H. The clinical and economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the USA. Clinicecon Outcomes Res, 5, (2013): 235-245. doi:10.2147/CEOR.S34321
As of 2010, COPD was projected to cost approximately $50 billion dollars in the United States. Costs are linearly expected to rise with increasing severity of disease and unfortunately hospitals are left with a majority of financial, morbidity, and mortality costs. This article reiterates that the primary risk factor for COPD is smoking while additional factors include exposure to secondhand smoke, occupational dusts, air pollution, heredity, and socioeconomic status. With hospital admissions and readmission, COPD has and will continue to be a burden economically and also clinically. Additionally, behavioral options to slow disease progression and improve the overall all quality of life will contribute the reduction of the nation’s overall cost of COPD. The projected cost –both direct and indirect cost of COPD healthcare realated expenditures have tremendously raised and subsequently it has been established that the cost increase correspondingly with increase in severity of the disease. This article establishes a primary goal of COPD management is stabilization and prevention of chronic and acute exacerbations.
From my final research outline, I would incorporate this study to support the adverse financial effects that COPD has had in the economy and a variety of mechanisms that are being considered in expanding therapeutic options for stabilization and treatment of COPD which are aimed at reducing clinical and financial burden . The statistics provided in this study provides a basis for understanding and measuring the financial and clinical constraints associated with the disease. This journal has materials which measures up to the expected standards of scholarly work by providing a theoretical framework for my research and hence the desired level of credibility and academic integrity is met.
Tsang, H. Establishing a Health Qigong protocol for rehabilitation of patients with COPD… including commentary by Norweg A and Spruit MA. International Journal of Therapy & Rehabilitation, (2010): 25-33.
This article discusses an alternative approach to home based COPD rehabilitative exercises based on the practice of Qigong. It documents the first phase of a two phase study to explore the potential therapeutic values of Qigong. It provides a culturally novel approach to COPD rehabilitation that is much more integrated in relation to treating physical as well as psychological issues than the traditionally bifurcated approach of exercise and education. This article is aimed at evaluating the strength of rehabilitative exercises based on therapeutic values which are useful in early pulmonary rehabilitation programs and implemented by patients with COPD.
Tsang evaluates the outcome of the proposed program on the patients exercise capacity, muscle strength, symptoms, spirometry as well as health related quality of life. since the rehabilitative exercises are an effective intervention for the management and stabilization of COPD patients, my research paper will incorporate the facts and fiqures as included in this article in order to establish a supportive argument of the positive impact of establishing the rehabilitative programs to improve and strengthen the capacity and health status of COPD patients. The author: Tsang is a physician and consultant in respiratory medicine in private practice and hence his clinical and research interest as well as credentials provides a reflection of provision of credible information and writings which can be used in my research to support arguments.
Spiliopoulos, N., Donoghue, J., Clark, E., & Dunford, M. Outcomes from a respiratory coordinated care program (RCCP) providing community-based interventions for COPD patients from 1998 to 2006. Contemporary Nurse: A Journal For The Australian Nursing Profession, 31(1), (2015): 2-8.
The Respiratory Coordinated Care Program (RCCP) was designed to help patients with advanced COPD to have a more improved quality of life at home. The purpose of the program was to reduce length of hospital stays, readmission rates, and hospital admission rates. Pulmonary rehabilitation programs were also included in the intervention strategies. Since the beginning of the program hospital admission rate, readmission rates and length of hospital stays has been reduced, and additionally, has been a cost effective reduction providing successful results for the RCCP. In regards to final research paper, this article will provide real world case scenerious, and facts to support the financial cost argument associated with COPD. The article will provide insights on several alternative measures which are to be included in order to reduces the financial burden of the patients. The source credibility is supportated by the author’s affliation to the Australian Nursing Profession which provides peer reviewed materials.
Mechcatie, E. Once-daily drug on horizon for copd, 2011. Retrieved from http://www.chestnet.org/accp/article/chest-physician/once-daily-drug-horizon-copd
The American College of Chest Physicians provided an article regarding a once-daily 75 mg dose of a drug called indacaterol, a bronchodilator inhaler, to be approved for use by COPD patients. Indacaterol is a long-acting beta2 adrenergic agonist that has abrupt onset of effect sustained for 24 hours. The article discusses the controversy over the dosage of the medication and whether it should be available at a 75 mg dose as well as a 150 mg dose. In case the two doses are enacted, there will be two more doses to treat COPD available in the market. The article provides information on the effects of radiographic and physiologic changes which are accompanied by COPD symptoms. The medication will further reduce the symptoms burden and the risk of developing COPD at any stage. The information incorporated to my research paper will be the availability new and supplemental medication for treatment of COPD. This information will be essential in explaining different types of medication available in the market. in this context, I ascertain the source and the information to be credible as it references several scholary works in this field.
Ryoji, M., Toru, H., Keisuke, M., Seigo, K., Kenji, Y., Mari, M., & Yoshitaka, T. Differences in Physiological Response to Exercise in Patients With Different COPD Severity. Respiratory Care, 59(2), (2014): 252-262. doi:10.4187/respcare.02201
This research report evaluated 91 COPD patients both male and females around the age of 70, who had a history of smoking, no comorbidities, no history of asthma, no active tuberculosis, and no history of lung resection. The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes in life-threatening factors. The participants performed Spiro metric tests and incremental exercise testing on a cycle ergometer. During the incremental exercise test the individual’s heart rate, breathing frequency, the uptake of oxygen, the ventilation equal to carbon dioxide and oxygen as well oxygen pulse were recorded. The test ended once the individual displayed breathlessness. The participants were then divided into four groups based on their peak oxygen uptake. Arterial blood samples were taken before exercise testing, in the last 15 seconds of the exercising, and at the end of exercise to determine the gases within the arteries as well as the lactate levels.
Generally, it was found that the people who were less involved in exercise were prone to and had features of triggered hypoxemia, sympathetic overeactivity, and a progressive respiratory acidosis. For these individuals to medications and pulmonary rehab can help improve their life-threatening conditions. In reference to my research, I would apply this research study to evaluate and establish the changes in life threatening factors based on exercise capacity. figures, facts and statistics from this study will be incorporated to give a broader view of the studies result and how COPD patients can improve their life threatening conditions. In regards to credibility, I find the study to be credible and reliable as the authors utilize correct biological terms and an appropriate and realistic study group to support their arguments.
Barthwal, M., & Singh, S. Early detection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in asymptomatic smokers using spirometry. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 62(3), 2014, 238-242.
This article studies the use of spirometry as an early diagnostic tool for high risk populations for detecting COPD. The study found that spirometry is a useful early detection tool in those smokers who are beginning to show symptoms of disease, such as persistent cough or sputum, rather than in those individuals with no symptoms at present. Though smoking cessation as early as possible is the best way to prevent COPD development later in life, spirometry testing could indicate those individuals smoking cessation is especially imperative for. Understanding the real dangers of smoking and gaining knowledge on the effects on the lungs via spirometry could help improve the effectiveness of smoking cessation programs or enlightening individuals to the measurable effects smoking has on their lungs, even before symptoms arise.
For the research paper, I will incorporate the information provided in this article to outline several methods and procedures which can be used to detect COPD and prevent the development of this disease at a later stage in life. This concept is essential in giving recommendations of various diagnostic tools which are effective in detect and preventing COPD. Spirometry is a widely effective tool and its applied by numerous organization and hence I find the recommendations in this article to be credible.
Siltanen, H., Jylha, V., & Paavilainen, E. Family members’ experiences and expectations of self-management counseling while caring or a person with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review protocol. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews & Implementation Reports, 14(2), 2016, 16-25.
The authors of this article reviewed different reports and studies with the aim of determining the role of family members in the care for COPD patients. This was after the authors acknowledging the need of family counseling in relation to these patients. Although this article is subjected to a later study, it comprises of essential knowledge and valuable information concerning the COPD patients, the role of family members and support systems. This article incorporates the potential role of family members in providing evidence based care and case management of patients. Through this, the authors have achieved the components of management and quality care of COPD patients. Also, this article contains specific statistics and facts in regards to what is required for a supportive family member. The recommendations in this article are mainly focused in approaching and assessment in improving service provision for persons with COPD. In regards to the final research paper, I will incorporate the specific facts of the role of family members and the important requirements for an effective family support system which is required for a successful COPD patient care. Subsequently, this article was retrieved from the Joanna Briggs Institute database which is a scholarly accredited entity and hence, the data and recomedations proposed by the article meets the standards of academic intregrity.
Work cited
Barnett, M. Pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD patients. Journal of Community Nursing, 24(6), (2010): 4.
Barthwal, M., & Singh, S. Early detection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in asymptomatic smokers using spirometry. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 62(3), (2014): 238-242.
Carter, R., Rodriguez, B., Williams, J., Koh, Y., & Chilek, D. R. Respiratory Muscle Training in Patients with COPD. RT: The Journal for Respiratory Care Practitioners, 24(7), (2011): 8-13.
Ferrara, A. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Radiologic Technology, 82(3), (2011): 245-263. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&hid=3&sid=aacdb70e-571d-4b5b-bb25-19d2ba539a8d%40sessionmgr13
Grimes, G., Manning, J., Patel, P., Via, M. Medications for COPD: A Review of Effectiveness. Journal of the American Academy of Family Physicians, 76(8), (2015): 1142-1148. Retrieved from http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/1015/p1141.html
Guarascio, A. J., Ray, S. M., Finch, C. K., & Self, T. H. The clinical and economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the USA. Clinicecon Outcomes Res, 5, (2013): 235-245. doi:10.2147/CEOR.S34321
Hoonhorst, S., Timens, W., Koenderman, L., Lo Tam Loi, A., Lammers, J., Boezen, H., et al. Increased activation of blood neutrophils after cigarette smoking in young individuals susceptible to COPD. Respiratory Research, 15(1) 2014. Doi: 10.1186/s12931-014-0121-2
Ryoji, M., Toru, H., Keisuke, M., Seigo, K., Kenji, Y., Mari, M., & Yoshitaka, T. Differences in Physiological Response to Exercise in Patients With Different COPD Severity. Respiratory Care, 59(2), (2014): 252-262. doi:10.4187/respcare.02201
Siltanen, H., Jylha, V., & Paavilainen, E. Family members’ experiences and expectations of self-management counseling while caring or a person with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review protocol. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews & Implementation Reports, 14(2), 2016, 16-25.
Spiliopoulos, N., Donoghue, J., Clark, E., & Dunford, M. Outcomes from a respiratory coordinated care program (RCCP) providing community-based interventions for COPD patients from 1998 to 2006. Contemporary Nurse: A Journal For The Australian Nursing Profession, 31(1), (2015): 2-8.
Tsang, H. Establishing a Health Qigong protocol for rehabilitation of patients with COPD… including commentary by Norweg A and Spruit MA. International Journal of Therapy & Rehabilitation, (2010): 25-33.
Mechcatie, E. Once-daily drug on horizon for copd, 2011. Retrieved from http://www.chestnet.org/accp/article/chest-physician/once-daily-drug-horizon-copd
