Pope Gregory VII’s Ban On Lay Investiture In The Holy Roman Empire
Abstract The conflict over lay investiture in the eleventh and early twelfth centuries transformed relations between Latin Christianity and political authority. Lay rulers had long influenced the appointment of bishops and abbots, investing them with symbols of office and receiving loyalty from prelates who also controlled land and performed governmental functions. Pope Gregory VII’s reform program challenged this arrangement by insisting that spiritual office could not be conferred by lay

