Introduction
This paper presents annotated bibliography to outline the West African explorers in the New World, African contacts with the New World, and to further explore Chinese and other ethnicities or nationalities who arrived in the Western Hemisphere before Columbus, pre-Columbian voyages to the New World (the Americas). In other words, the paper explores the views of various authors and articles regarding the non-Native American) explorers who arrived in the Western Hemisphere –North, South or Central America or the Caribbean islands before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492.
Annotated Bibliography
Homburger, J. R., Moreno-Estrada, A., Gignoux, C. R., Nelson, D., Sanchez, E., Ortiz-Tello, P., & Gravel, S. (2015). Genomic insights into the ancestry and demographic history of South America. PLoS Genetics, 11(12), e1005602.
The article posits that South America consists of a very complex demographic history that is shaped by several migrations as well as admixture events, which happened during the pre- as well as post-colonial periods. The authors believe that America has experienced migrations the magnitude of the events as well as their timing after their land has been discovered by several European as well as African individuals. Nonetheless, the time and the magnitude of the actions are marked with various patents within America. The study established that many people trace their ancestry back to Italy. There was a correlation between the Native American and the South American ancestry.
Schroeder, H., Ávila-Arcos, M. C., Malaspinas, A. S., Poznik, G. D., Sandoval-Velasco, M., Carpenter, M. L., & Samaniego, J. A. (2015). Genome-wide ancestry of 17th-century enslaved Africans from the Caribbean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(12), 3669-3673.
The article asserts that there was migration of people from Africa to the new land. The majority of the people who was transported were believed to be slaves, who were ferried to south America, The authors obtained some genome-wide information a from remains of three enslaved people who demised on the Caribbean island and applied them in order to identify their genetic heritages within Africa, with much better precision compared to previously thought possible.
Guido, P. C., Ribas, A., Gaioli, M., Quattrone, F., & Macchi, A. (2015). The state of the integrative medicine in Latin America: the long road to include complementary, natural, and traditional practices in formal health systems. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 7(1), 5-12.
The article argues that between 1500 and 1850, several millions of the enslaved Africans are believed to have been transported to America, the New World. They further argue that the majority were transported from West and Central Africa. However, their exact origins are mainly unknown. The authors investigated the genetic origin is of slaves who died long ago. The authors traced the origins of these people were investigated and it was established that their origin was from Africa. This evidence provides a straightforward direct evidence for various ethnic origins of the enslaved African people. The authors believe that Africans who were slaves were transported to a new world.
Vespucci, A., & Columbus, C. (1992). Letters from a new world: Amerigo Vespucci’s discovery of America. Marsilio Pub.
The authors who have expertise in anthropology archeology and history studies the native individuals during the colonial times of the history of the North American. They argue that the fresh work in Indian account has completely changed the manner people tough about the discovery of American history as well as about the movement of the people in a quest to discover the new land.
Nunn, G. E., & Edwards, C. R. (1992). The geographical conceptions of Columbus: a critical consideration of four problems (No. 14). Golda Meir Library.
The article argues that today, historians recognize that the people from Europe arrived, in the land that had been day been occupied by many people. Overall, surveys of new reading materials argue that the Native Americans. The authors have explored the movement of the people and how they arrived at their destination, new land.
Columbus, C. (2004). The four voyages of Christopher Columbus. Penguin UK.
The article argues that Columbus did not discover the new land. They argue that after cruising into the Caribbean he was enthralled by the beauty of the land. Thus, Columbus presumed that the stage environment was so because he was insufficiently experienced in writing. The article asserts that the discovery of the new land, America did open a new world that was full of fresh things as well as a new possibility. However, the authors believe that the New World, America, did not interfere with the old instead the old world was influenced by what people witnessed. The discovery was done by those who were inspired to discover a new world.
Bigelow, W. (1989). Discovering Columbus: Rereading the past. Language Arts, 66(6), 635-643.
The author encapsulates the colonization of America by the European. They argue that Viking was one of the first European colonizers and explorer. They believe that he was the first person to discover the new land, and he established colonies in Greenland, which a survived for many years. Additionally, the arrival states that in the year 1492, a Spanish voyage headed that was led by Christopher Columbus arrived at the new land, thereafter European exploration as well as colonization quickly expanded. They first arrived in the Caribbean region. Thus, Columbus led his team of the voyage in the bid to reach the new land.
Gerbi, A. (2010). Nature in the New World: From Christopher Columbus to Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo. The University of Pittsburgh Pre.
The article posits that many people in the year 1942, Columbus sailed and made a trip to the ocean blue. The article describes Columbus as a person who was determined to discover new land. At the time he lived ta the Caribbean, he was thrilled by the beauty of nature. The authors believe that Vikings arrived at the Americas is nearly is famous as Columbus’s voyage. Columbus ‘voyage and discovery of the new land poses a lot of question as to white they arrived.
Wilson, J. (2000). The earth shall weep: A history of Native America. Grove Press.
The studies believed that Columbus was inspired to discover a new land. However, in the recent years, with the discovery of new evidence, the understanding of the history concerning the discovery of American has changed. Thus, it is now a common knowledge that Columbus was indeed among the most recent explorers to reach America and not the first.
Thompson, J. E. S., & Laufer, B. (1927). The civilization of the Mayas (No. 18-25). Field Museum of natural history.
This article presents a clear knowledge of who discovered America before Columbus. The auricle describes how the trip made by Columbus led to the discovery of new land. The voyage toured many places including the Caribbean area and saw the beautiful nature.
Bigelow, B., & Peterson, B. (Eds.). (1998). Rethinking Columbus: The next 500 years. Rethinking Schools.
The articles encapsulates that after traveling for seven years, they, Columbus’s discovered the America which they described to be covered with luxuriant vegetation which is believed to date to be the current Newfoundland, America. Before the arrival of the European explorers, America was home to the millions of the native individuals. However, it is important to note that the native groups in America greatly differed from each other. Although the groups performed different ceremonies and rituals, dances and songs, which brings back the memories of the ancestors who had given them the lands they now settle in.
Utter, J. (2001). American Indians: Answers to today’s questions. University of Oklahoma Press.
This article presents the fundamental questions that run in the mind of many; who were the ancestors of the Native Americans, when did they arrive and where did they come from. () asserts that the American lands have been the land of immigrants, the lands that have been rediscovered over the years by different individuals coming from different sections of the world. The author argues that Columbus first set foot in American mainland at the Paria Peninsula which is today known as Venezuela. Columbus working as a seaman made him obsesses with the plausibility of the pioneering a western sea route. According to the article, this made him discover the land of America.
America, S., Vespucci, A., & Columbus, C. Encyclopedia> Americas.
The sailing of Columbus made him realize the lands that people did not know to exit. Further, people thought that Atlantic ocean which extended to the East Indies and did not account for the presence of America. At this time, the people mostly participated in the family investments which allowed them to travel and concur other regions in the world.
References
America, S., Vespucci, A., & Columbus, C. Encyclopedia> Americas.
Bigelow, B., & Peterson, B. (Eds.). (1998). Rethinking Columbus: The next 500 years. Rethinking Schools.
Columbus, C. (2004). The four voyages of Christopher Columbus. Penguin UK.
Gerbi, A. (2010). Nature in the New World: From Christopher Columbus to Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo. The University of Pittsburgh Pre.
Guido, P. C., Ribas, A., Gaioli, M., Quattrone, F., & Macchi, A. (2015). The state of the integrative medicine in Latin America: the long road to include complementary, natural, and traditional practices in formal health systems. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 7(1), 5-12
Homburger, J. R., Moreno-Estrada, A., Gignoux, C. R., Nelson, D., Sanchez, E., Ortiz-Tello, P., & Gravel, S. (2015). Genomic insights into the ancestry and demographic history of South America. PLoS Genetics, 11(12), e1005602.
Nunn, G. E., & Edwards, C. R. (1992). The geographical conceptions of Columbus: a critical consideration of four problems (No. 14). Golda Meir Library.
Schroeder, H., Ávila-Arcos, M. C., Malaspinas, A. S., Poznik, G. D., Sandoval-Velasco, M., Carpenter, M. L., & Samaniego, J. A. (2015). Genome-wide ancestry of 17th-century enslaved Africans from the Caribbean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(12), 3669-3673.
Thompson, J. E. S., & Laufer, B. (1927). The civilization of the Mayas (No. 18-25). Field Museum of natural history.
Utter, J. (2001). American Indians: Answers to today’s questions. University of Oklahoma Press.
Vespucci, A., & Columbus, C. (1992). Letters from a new world: Amerigo Vespucci’s discovery of America. Marsilio Pub.
Wilson, J. (2000). The earth shall weep: A history of Native America. Grove Press.
