Criminal Justice and Ethical Standpoint Addressing Pornography

Telecommunication advancement in various areas of telecommunication has caused explosive growth of telecommunication industries. Together with the growth of telecommunication industries is the population increase of users. Therefore, the internet allows all social aspects such as academia, home as well as social. As a result, the internet access is accessible in school, home, and library and everywhere for everyone including the children. Pornography records on the internet are many and free than any other social platform. As a result, pornography is one of the most arising controversial topics from internet usage in the recent years. The availability of pornography on the internet has caused moral panic as well as fear among law enforcement personnel such as judges and police prosecutors as well as media in general and fear in the government. In the world no evidence of actual definition of pornography such as cultural morals, legal variation and internet hence, making it difficult to generate a definition of pornographic content in this global society. In this essay, I will discuss the ethical and criminal justice standpoint concerning pornography by explaining the upheld laws and the passed laws by the federal government and individual states.

The first known amendment to the constitution in the United States provides every citizen’s rights and freedom of speech. In 1957, the America Supreme Court had a stand that the First Amendment does not protect obscenity (Mappes &Zembaty, 2007). In the Roth, the Supreme Court defined obscenity as a thing that is related to sex and appeals to a lustful interest. In this case, the court gave a contrast between obscenities, as it is not allowed by the first amendment and pornography that takes the definition of sexually explicit materials and has protection from the First Amendment except for children depiction (Mappes &Zembaty, 2007).

In 1973, the Supreme Court provided a new understanding of obscenity in California Miller. In Miller, this court developed a test of three prongs. In the first prong, satisfaction is granted if an average individual applying various contemporary social standards finds the taken work as an appeal to the immodest interest found in sex (Pollock, 2007). The next prong is acknowledged if this work describes or depicts sexual conduct such that it is in a distinctly offensive manner. The ultimate pong satisfaction occurs when this work, the whole, has no substantial artistic, literary, scientific or political values. This Miller test is referred as the geographically-based test since this first prong needs community standard application. Therefore a material that is considered obscene in one community can take a different view of being not obscene in a different community (Pollock, 2007).

Consequently, the legal pornographic definition emerged through decades in the United Nations, from around 1960. In this time, the usage of the phrase sexually explicit acquired use as a euphemism of pornography. However, a distinction evolved explain pornography as a film, picture or writing intended for sexual desire arousal (Pollock, 2007).

The Anti-pornography Civil Rights Ordinances (ACRO) explained pornography as a women subordination explicit sexual graphics either in words or pictures. The federal appellate courts ruled this ordinance as unconstitutional in the Hudnut verse American Bookseller in Indianapolis. All courts in New York rejects the argument stating pornography as prostitution. The supreme court of Oregon further stated the abolishment of the obscenity definition within that state through the ruling that this violates the speech freedom as well stated in the United States Constitution.

At the federal level, pornography is a legal word except for child pornography and hardcore pornography. The two terms, child pornography and hardcore pornography, ceased to exist after the Miller and California cases in 1973 (Najdowski, 2017). The state’s courts discussed the pornography issue regarding obscenity that had no benefits in the first amendment of the constitution. The definition of the court on obscenity is currently referred as Miller test. From that time of this Miller test definition, numerous states have adopted laws emerging from the test. Using the Hawley Tariff Act under the phrase on “immoral” and “obscene’ the border and customs protection forbids pornographic material importation under the immoral article (Najdowski, 2017).

The elimination of child pornography from the legal pornography is vital. Lockhart commission, in 1970, recommended the withdrawal of all the criminal penalties related to pornography except selling of any pornographic materials to minors and minors’ pornographic depiction. However, two states had the rules and regulations prohibiting children usage in distribution or production of the pornographic materials, in 1977 (Najdowski, 2017). At the same year of 1977, the justice department strongly recognized a legitimation that assisted in banning the child pornography dissemination and production. The efforts to ban this child pornography encountered a court challenge in 1982 Ferber versus New York case. Although different states have various age bracket of concept, the Federal Labeling and Record-Keeping Law the models in the pornographic material must have 18 years and above. These pornographic materials often contain an “adult” label to show it is not for miners. They are described and depicted depending on their content and measured by the contemporary society or community standards (Najdowski, 2017)

Distribution, possession and production of non-fictional children pornography is a federal crime. People producing, distributing or possessing child pornography contents are subjected to substantial fines as well as imprisonment of more than 40 years. This action of child pornography is termed as a sexual offence (Najdowski, 2017).

In conclusion, pornography is legal and is a right in the United States constitution except for child pornography. Pornography is not prostitution and is not a crime. The models involved in the production and distribution of the pornographic materials must have an age of 18 years and above. Therefore, the internet users, internet providers and the government need to provides a system that offers protection for children as well as others from harmful material and content without interfering with the right of speech and freedom of expression. The already available laws in the United States are applicable to any harmful content and are reliable. Therefore, the new laws targeting the internet like the Communication Decency Act, infringe the right of freedom of speech as well as being of no necessity. People feeling that pornographic materials are offensive have numerous ways to avid screen them. The government need to treat pornographic content Medias as the other communication media. The United States of America can consider installing a self-regulation system (Mappes &Zembaty, 2007).

References

Mappes, T. A., & Zembaty, J. S. (2007). Social ethics: Morality and social policy. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Najdowski, C. J. (2017). Legal responses to nonconsensual pornography: Current policy in the United States and future directions for research. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 23(2), 154-165.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/law0000123

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Pollock, J. M. (2007). Ethical dilemmas and decisions in criminal justice. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth.

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Surette, R. (1990). The Media and criminal justice policy: Recent research and social effects. Springfield, Ill., U.S.A: C.C. Thomas.