Barnett, M. Pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD patients. Journal of Community Nursing, 24(6), (2010): 4.
This article is from the British Journal of Community Nursing. It provides an overview of elements of successful, evidence-based COPD rehabilitation programs in the UK. It covers all aspects, from staffing and facilities to educational topics and support systems to exercise regimes and methods for evaluating outcomes. The general requirements for successful rehabilitation programs are incorporated from this article, and a clear explanation of all the resources demanded is provided in order to establish concise COPD patient care. For the purpose of my final paper, this article will provide supportive facts and case scenarios for establishing the need, requirements, and effects of an effective and functional rehabilitation program for patients. Subsequently, in reference to the credibility of this article, the author is affiliated with an accredited and recognized institution which has established standards for publishing scholarly materials.
Grimes, G., Manning, J., Patel, P., Via, M. Medications for COPD: A Review of Effectiveness. Journal of the American Academy of Family Physicians, 76(8), (2015): 1142-1148. Retrieved from http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/1015/p1141.html
This scholarly article includes a review of the effectiveness and efficacy of different medications that are utilized to treat obstructive pulmonary disease. Among the medications included are anti-cholinergic, which are long and short-acting medicines whose effectiveness is to reduce hospitalization, exacerbations, and death as well as improve exercise tolerance, pulmonary function, and quality of sleep. Other effective inhaled medications include corticosteroids, agonists and beta2, which can also be taken orally; these medications have been found to reduce potassium concentration and increase cardiovascular events, hence providing supplemental oxygen as required by the body. Grimes et al. provide several remedies and medications and their effectiveness in treating COPD. For my research paper, I intend to use the specific facts provided by Grimes et al. to analyze various medications which have been proven to be effective in reducing the effects of pulmonary disease. The information from this article will be used to support the argument for the use of proper medications for COPD patients. Since this article originates from the Journal of the American Academy of Family Physicians, I find it credible, and the information and facts provided are true as they have been cited and supported by other academic authors.
Hoonhorst, S., Timens, W., Koenderman, L., Lo Tam Loi, A., Lammers, J., Boezen, H., et al. Increased activation of blood neutrophils after cigarette smoking in young individuals susceptible to COPD. Respiratory Research, 15(1) 2014. Doi: 10.1186/s12931-014-0121-2
Defining a person’s susceptibility to developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in an early stage acts as the best measure of preventing the onset of COPD late in life. This study has put emphasis on identifying a blood marker which indicates an inflammatory response associated with smoking in young smokers compared to a group of old smokers. This study identifies the possibility of an increase in inflammatory response, which coincides with the development of COPD at a later stage in life. In the above journal, blood samples were taken from subjects before and after they were required to smoke three cigarettes in an hour. The blood samples taken before smoking were analyzed and compared to the samples taken after the subject smoked cigarettes in order to observe if there was any increase in the blood neutrophils, a white blood cell type which is essential to the immune system and its effective function.
The study ascertained that the blood markers became activated immediately after smoking, most specifically in young susceptible adults. Therefore, measurable inflammatory markers can be used to identify individuals susceptible to the development of COPD in order to prevent the onset of the pulmonary disease. In my research, this study will be essential in providing statistics and facts on identifying inflammatory markers that are used to prevent COPD. This study provides a real case scenario which will be used to explain further the effectiveness of using the measurable inflammatory markers. This respiratory research was carried out by medical practitioners, ie. Hoonhorst et al. have substantial knowledge of respiratory diseases and research, and hence, the information provided has a degree of credibility.
Ferrara, A. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Radiologic Technology, 82(3), (2011): 245-263. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&hid=3&sid=aacdb70e-571d-4b5b-bb25-19d2ba539a8d%40sessionmgr13
This article is an overview of COPD and includes information to help the audience understand the significance of COPD as a public health threat in the globe. It explains the aetiology of COPD and its effects on the components of the respiratory system, as well as discusses the systemic effects. Challenges with imaging studies of patients with COPD are discussed, and current and developing imaging techniques are described. Current and future treatment options are also included. New technologies have emerged in COPD management to aid in diagnosing and monitoring the cause of acute exacerbations. This article incorporates numerous technological advances focused on the medical and clinical practices associated with novel COPD patients. The technological advances in this field of medicine have had positive effects on the long-term care of the COPD condition. Subsequently, diagnostic advances have facilitated the invention of telemedicine, which aids in the treatment, management and monitoring of these diseases.
The article will be instrumental in my research paper as it will provide concise information on new technologies and their application in the bettering of COPD patient care and management. The role of technology in COPD management will be highlighted in the paper. Hence, the facts, statistics, and general knowledge about technology will be incorporated from this article in order to establish the potential positive impact of technology in terms of diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of the disease. I find this article to exhibit a high degree of scholarly integrity due to its reference to academic articles and websites from experts in this field of medicine.
Carter, R., Rodriguez, B., Williams, J., Koh, Y., & Chilek, D. R. Respiratory Muscle Training in Patients with COPD. RT: The Journal for Respiratory Care Practitioners, 24(7), (2011): 8-13.
This article from The Journal for Respiratory Care Practitioners provides details on when respiratory muscle training might be an appropriate treatment option for COPD patients, as well as potential regimens and methods for measuring outcomes. While written primarily for respiratory care professionals, certain sections can help inform and educate patients about the need for repository exercise in their rehabilitation program. This article provides a basic understanding of practical measures and regimens which are effective in providing rehabilitation care for COPD-affected individuals. According to Carter et al., the severity of COPD symptoms can be managed effectively. Effective and Proper management of COPD has been established to reduce breathlessness and improve the quality of life and the overall capacity for physical well-being.
This study proposes special measures known as COPD rehabilitation services provided by health care practitioners with the aim of empowering patients with skills and information necessary for managing health. These services provide a holistic approach which is significant in improving health and incorporates multiple topics in relation to self-care that can be effectively integrated. For my final research paper, I will incorporate this article section to emphasize on the need for repository exercise as a treatment remedy for COPD patients. In supporting the credibility of the source, this study is a peer-reviewed article published by a university press with scholarly credibility.
Guarascio, A. J., Ray, S. M., Finch, C. K., & Self, T. H. The clinical and economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the USA. Clinicecon Outcomes Res, 5, (2013): 235-245. doi:10.2147/CEOR.S34321
As of 2010, COPD was projected to cost approximately $50 billion dollars in the United States. Costs are linearly expected to rise with the increasing severity of disease, and unfortunately, hospitals are left with a majority of financial, morbidity, and mortality costs. This article reiterates that the primary risk factor for COPD is smoking, while additional factors include exposure to secondhand smoke, occupational dust, air pollution, heredity, and socioeconomic status. With hospital admissions and readmission, COPD has been and will continue to be a burden economically and also clinically. Additionally, behavioural options to slow disease progression and improve the overall quality of life will contribute to the reduction of the nation’s overall cost of COPD. The projected cost –both direct and indirect costs of COPD healthcare related expenditures have tremendously raised, and subsequently, it has been established that the cost increases correspondingly with an increase in the severity of the disease. This article establishes the primary goal of COPD management is the stabilization and prevention of chronic and acute exacerbations.
From my final research outline, I would incorporate this study to support the adverse financial effects that COPD has had on the economy and a variety of mechanisms that are being considered in expanding therapeutic options for the stabilization and treatment of COPD, which are aimed at reducing clinical and financial burden. The statistics provided in this study provide a basis for understanding and measuring the financial and clinical constraints associated with the disease. This journal has materials which measure up to the expected standards of scholarly work by providing a theoretical framework for my research, and hence, the desired level of credibility and academic integrity is met.
Tsang, H. Establishing a Health Qigong protocol for rehabilitation of patients with COPD… including commentary by Norweg A and Spruit MA. International Journal of Therapy & Rehabilitation, (2010): 25-33.
This article discusses an alternative approach to home-based COPD rehabilitative exercises based on Qigong practice. It documents the first phase of a two-phase study to explore the potential therapeutic value of Qigong. It provides a culturally novel approach to COPD rehabilitation that is much more integrated in relation to treating physical as well as psychological issues than the traditionally bifurcated approach of exercise and education. This article aims to evaluate the strength of rehabilitative exercises based on therapeutic values that are useful in early pulmonary rehabilitation programs and implemented by patients with COPD.
Tsang evaluates the outcome of the proposed program on the patient’s exercise capacity, muscle strength, symptoms, spirometry as well as health-related quality of life. Since rehabilitative exercises are an effective intervention for the management and stabilization of COPD patients, my research paper will incorporate the facts and figures included in this article in order to establish a supportive argument for the positive impact of establishing rehabilitative programs to improve and strengthen the capacity and health status of COPD patients. The author, Tsang, is a physician and consultant in respiratory medicine in private practice, and hence, his clinical and research interests, as well as credentials, provide a reflection of the provision of credible information and writings which can be used in my research to support arguments.
Spiliopoulos, N., Donoghue, J., Clark, E., & Dunford, M. Outcomes from a respiratory coordinated care program (RCCP) providing community-based interventions for COPD patients from 1998 to 2006. Contemporary Nurse: A Journal For The Australian Nursing Profession, 31(1), (2015): 2-8.
The Respiratory Coordinated Care Program (RCCP) was designed to help patients with advanced COPD to have a more improved quality of life at home. The purpose of the program was to reduce the length of hospital stays, readmission rates, and hospital admission rates. Pulmonary rehabilitation programs were also included in the intervention strategies. Since the beginning of the program, hospital admission rates, readmission rates, and length of hospital stays have been reduced, and additionally, there has been a cost-effective reduction, providing successful results for the RCCP. In regard to a final research paper, this article will provide real-world case scenarios and facts to support the financial cost argument associated with COPD. The article will provide insights on several alternative measures which are to be included in order to reduce the financial burden of the patients. The source’s credibility is supported by the author’s affiliation with the Australian Nursing Profession, which provides peer-reviewed materials.
Mechcatie, E. Once-daily drug on the horizon for COPD, 2011. Retrieved from http://www.chestnet.org/accp/article/chest-physician/once-daily-drug-horizon-copd
The American College of Chest Physicians provided an article regarding a once-daily 75 mg dose of a drug called indacaterol, a bronchodilator inhaler, to be approved for use by COPD patients. Indacaterol is a long-acting beta2 adrenergic agonist that has an abrupt onset of effect sustained for 24 hours. The article discusses the controversy over the dosage of the medication and whether it should be available at a 75 mg dose as well as a 150 mg dose. In case the two doses are enacted, there will be two more doses available to treat COPD on the market. The article provides information on the effects of radiographic and physiologic changes accompanied by COPD symptoms. The medication will further reduce the symptoms burden and the risk of developing COPD at any stage. The information incorporated into my research paper will be the availability of new and supplemental medication for the treatment of COPD. This information will be essential in explaining the different types of medication available in the market. In this context, I ascertain the source and the information to be credible as it references several scholarly works in this field.
Ryoji, M., Toru, H., Keisuke, M., Seigo, K., Kenji, Y., Mari, M., & Yoshitaka, T. Differences in Physiological Response to Exercise in Patients With Different COPD Severity. Respiratory Care, 59(2), (2014): 252-262. doi:10.4187/respcare.02201
This research report evaluated 91 COPD patients, both male and female, around the age of 70, who had a history of smoking, no comorbidities, no history of asthma, no active tuberculosis, and no history of lung resection. The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes in life-threatening factors. The participants performed Spiro metric tests and incremental exercise testing on a cycle ergometer. During the incremental exercise test, the individual’s heart rate, breathing frequency, the uptake of oxygen, ventilation equal to carbon dioxide and oxygen, and oxygen pulse were recorded. The test ended once the individual displayed breathlessness. The participants were then divided into four groups based on their peak oxygen uptake. Arterial blood samples were taken before exercise testing, in the last 15 seconds of the exercise, and at the end of the exercise to determine the gases within the arteries as well as the lactate levels.
Generally, it was found that the people who were less involved in the exercise were prone to and had features of triggered hypoxemia, sympathetic overactivity, and progressive respiratory acidosis. For these individuals, medications and pulmonary rehab can help improve their life-threatening conditions. In reference to my research, I would apply this research study to evaluate and establish the changes in life-threatening factors based on exercise capacity. Figures, facts and statistics from this study will be incorporated to give a broader view of the study’s results and how COPD patients can improve their life-threatening conditions. In regards to credibility, I find the study to be credible and reliable as the authors utilize correct biological terms and an appropriate and realistic study group to support their arguments.
Barthwal, M., & Singh, S. Early detection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in asymptomatic smokers using spirometry. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 62(3), 2014, 238-242.
This article studies the use of spirometry as an early diagnostic tool for high-risk populations to detect COPD. The study found that spirometry is a useful early detection tool in those smokers who are beginning to show symptoms of disease, such as persistent cough or sputum, rather than in those individuals with no symptoms at present. Though smoking cessation as early as possible is the best way to prevent COPD development later in life, spirometry testing could indicate those individuals’ smoking cessation is especially imperative. Understanding the real dangers of smoking and gaining knowledge on the effects on the lungs via spirometry could help improve the effectiveness of smoking cessation programs or enlighten individuals about the measurable effects smoking has on their lungs, even before symptoms arise.
For the research paper, I will incorporate the information provided in this article to outline several methods and procedures which can be used to detect COPD and prevent the development of this disease at a later stage in life. This concept is essential in giving recommendations for various diagnostic tools which are effective in detecting and preventing COPD. Spirometry is a widely effective tool, and it’s applied by numerous organizations; hence, I find the recommendations in this article to be credible.
Siltanen, H., Jylha, V., & Paavilainen, E. Family members’ experiences and expectations of self-management counseling while caring for a person with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review protocol. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews & Implementation Reports, 14(2), 2016, 16-25.
The authors of this article reviewed different reports and studies with the aim of determining the role of family members in the care of COPD patients. This was after the authors acknowledged the need for family counselling in relation to these patients. Although this article is subjected to a later study, it comprises essential knowledge and valuable information concerning COPD patients, the role of family members and support systems. This article incorporates the potential role of family members in providing evidence-based care and patient case management. Through this, the authors have achieved the components of management and quality care of COPD patients. Also, this article contains specific statistics and facts in regard to what is required for a supportive family member. The recommendations in this article are mainly focused on approaching and assessing the improvement of service provision for persons with COPD. In regard to the final research paper, I will incorporate the specific facts of the role of family members and the important requirements for an effective family support system, which is required for successful COPD patient care. Subsequently, this article was retrieved from the Joanna Briggs Institute database, which is a scholarly accredited entity and hence, the data and recommendations proposed by the article meet the standards of academic integrity.
Work Cited
Barnett, M. Pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD patients. Journal of Community Nursing, 24(6), (2010): 4.
Barthwal, M., & Singh, S. Early detection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in asymptomatic smokers using spirometry. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 62(3), (2014): 238-242.
Carter, R., Rodriguez, B., Williams, J., Koh, Y., & Chilek, D. R. Respiratory Muscle Training in Patients with COPD. RT: The Journal for Respiratory Care Practitioners, 24(7), (2011): 8-13.
Ferrara, A. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Radiologic Technology, 82(3), (2011): 245-263. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&hid=3&sid=aacdb70e-571d-4b5b-bb25-19d2ba539a8d%40sessionmgr13
Grimes, G., Manning, J., Patel, P., Via, M. Medications for COPD: A Review of Effectiveness. Journal of the American Academy of Family Physicians, 76(8), (2015): 1142-1148. Retrieved from http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/1015/p1141.html
Guarascio, A. J., Ray, S. M., Finch, C. K., & Self, T. H. The clinical and economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the USA. Clinicecon Outcomes Res, 5, (2013): 235-245. doi:10.2147/CEOR.S34321
Hoonhorst, S., Timens, W., Koenderman, L., Lo Tam Loi, A., Lammers, J., Boezen, H., et al. Increased activation of blood neutrophils after cigarette smoking in young individuals susceptible to COPD. Respiratory Research, 15(1) 2014. Doi: 10.1186/s12931-014-0121-2
Ryoji, M., Toru, H., Keisuke, M., Seigo, K., Kenji, Y., Mari, M., & Yoshitaka, T. Differences in Physiological Response to Exercise in Patients With Different COPD Severity. Respiratory Care, 59(2), (2014): 252-262. doi:10.4187/respcare.02201
Siltanen, H., Jylha, V., & Paavilainen, E. Family members’ experiences and expectations of self-management counseling while caring for a person with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review protocol. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews & Implementation Reports, 14(2), 2016, 16-25.
Spiliopoulos, N., Donoghue, J., Clark, E., & Dunford, M. Outcomes from a respiratory coordinated care program (RCCP) providing community-based interventions for COPD patients from 1998 to 2006. Contemporary Nurse: A Journal For The Australian Nursing Profession, 31(1), (2015): 2-8.
Tsang, H. Establishing a Health Qigong protocol for rehabilitation of patients with COPD… including commentary by Norweg A and Spruit MA. International Journal of Therapy & Rehabilitation, (2010): 25-33.
Mechcatie, E. Once-daily drug on the horizon for COPD, 2011. Retrieved from http://www.chestnet.org/accp/article/chest-physician/once-daily-drug-horizon-copd
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