Introduction Horror theme stories can be traced back to the earliest pieces of literature recorded. Through the history of literature, folklore, and other entertainment media, prototypes of horror and elements of fear and despair have prevailed. For instance, the archetype of vampire connects back to the ancient Sumer civilization; told in folklore, there was a monster named Emikku who would enter the bodies of the people who were not appropriately

Introduction Since the evolution of mass communication, the roles and effects of media have been under debate, and bundles of studies have been conducted on these subjects. Earlier studies of mass communication’s effects and role were based upon an assumption that mass communication has direct effects on audiences and the audiences were assumed to be passive taking direct effects from media content. Such studies gave birth to the hyper needle