Autism And A Speech Disorder (Atypical Child) Under Critical Analysis

Autism:

Autism or Autism spectrum disorder alludes to the scope of conditions portrayed by challenges with social abilities, dreary practices, discourse and nonverbal correspondence, and additionally by interesting qualities and contrasts. We now realize that there isn’t one extreme autism but numerous types caused by various mixes of hereditary and natural impacts.

The expression “range” mirrors the wide variety of difficulties and qualities controlled by every individual with extreme Autism. Autism’s most-clear signs tend to show up between the age of 2 and 3. Sometimes, it can be analyzed in a child at the age of a year and a half. Autism urges guardians with worries to look for assessment immediately, as early mediation can enhance results.

Description

In this thesis, we are comparing a child having autism to a Global Development Delay.

Global Developmental Delay (GDD) is a disorder that occurs in a child between the development period of birth and 18 years of age. It is described by the child having a low-functioning intellect as compared to a child who is perceived as normal.

James, six years old, lives with his father and aunt. The problems he is faced with are;

• He can’t use the toilet, so he uses a nappy, while a normal child of his age can use the toilet easily.
• He gets frustrated easily as compared to a normal kid and can’t speak properly.
• He is more sensitive than any other normal kid, and his IQ is also less than a kid of his age.
• He has speech cards – I want, I see, I like, I don’t like.
• Doesn’t know the difference between a boy and a girl, and he has just started to share his toys with others.

All these conditions show that he is suffering from ASD, Autism spectrum disorder.

ASD is the name used for a specific set of developmental and behavior-related problems and the challenges ascribed to these challenges. A diagnosis of Autism Spectrum disorder means that the child is suffering from social, communication and play skills challenges.

It is also possible that he has some confidence problem, which makes him slower in every task he does. Yet another reason can be that he is perfect, but he can’t understand and learn the language in the proper way as the other child. There might be two reasons for James’ Challenges.

Echolalia

Echolalia (also known as echologia or echophrasia) is described as the repetitive behavior of vocals made by another person but by the same person; it’s called Palilalia. It is an automatic behavior.

Echolalia can be characterized as immediate vs. delayed behavior in response to a stimulus. Immediate echolalia is the result of immediate recalling of info from short memory and “superficial linguistic processing.”

Mild Cognitive Impairment. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) causes a noticeable hindrance in cognitive skills like memory storage and thinking ability.

Some signs of Cognitive impairment are:

• Generic Confusion ( Ascribed to his frustrating behavior)
• Poor motor coordination ( Lacking in playing skills)
• Short-term or long-term memory loss(Challenges with speaking)
• Confusion about identity or gender
• Impaired judgment

Critical Analysis

Chomsky And Skinner’s Theory Of Development:

B.F Skinner, a Behaviorist by profession, argues that acquiring a language is a learned behavior. Skinner and Chomsky believe that a child learns by associating events. This type of learning is known as classical conditioning. Another way of learning is Operant conditioning where one learns through observing and imitating.

These theories explain that the acquisition of language occurs when infants learn to associate sounds with objects and vice versa.

Linguist and philosopher Noam Chomsky (conceived in 1928) has added to how behaviorists like Skinner consider dialect advancement. Chomsky trusts that babies and kids learn dialect at a speed that can’t just be clarified by the laws of behaviorism. As indicated by Chomsky, kids learning dialect set up words together in new ways, making significant sentences they have never heard. Chomsky contends that kids learn standards of dialect and apply them in their particular manner, frequently erroneously at first. Since youngsters would not have heard grown-ups utilizing guidelines of dialect so erroneously, Chomsky concocted another hypothesis on dialect improvement.

Normal Language Development:

Language learning is a natural process which a child can learn from its surrounding and start learning and with passage of time he get to know that how to speak and convey his message to other mostly child learn his mother language as he pass most of his time with her mom so he get her language and speak in her accent this is the normal language development cycle in which a person speaks in that way as his surrounding speak and he acquires the same accent but when someone has Autism disorder then the situation is different, and this is special case and this child will not learn in same way as normal as autism disorder is of different type it is possible that he will learn but cannot speak in proper way as a normal child can speak when a child has Autism then he get any type of disorder and it is possible that It effect on the general cycle of normal language development as a large amount of child’s are having this issue so some country have work on this point to get their children’s out of it by arranging workshop to identify the main point of this issue and get the children’s out of it because those child having problem with confidence can be rid out of it easily increasing confidence by taking part in many activities which can increase the confidence and this can make their communication better and focus problem is also get removed by many ways, and there are many activities which can do better this problem of child.

Self-Injurious Behavior And Nutritional Effect:

Self-injurious behavior has been studied extensively in children with mental retardation, but less research has been conducted on children with autism (Oswald, Ellis, Singh, Singh, & Matson, 1994). McClintock, Hall, and Oliver (2003)
Some children with autism may have inadequate nutrition as a result of their limited diets (Raiten & Massaro, 1986; Williams et al., 2000). This is also a problem. Some child get this problem because of the negligence of their guardians, who are not taking care of them properly in the way in which they have to be, and this is the reason for spreading this disease. It’s not only about the food. Confidence is also the first e build by family in their Childs and family should have to work on their Childs to increase their confidence and make them able to elaborate and express their feelings and communicate in proper way child who speaks well will also take part effectively in social development which is fruitful for the whole society and country and those child which are suffering from this autism can’t speak well and don’t take any part in the activities who support social development and it is said by many doctors and specialist that good health and proper diet is very important in effective communication and to deal with SLCN so it’s obvious that first thing is mother or family who can deal with this problem because when child don’t get attention and basic confidence from family he get lack of confidence and other disorder which can act as a language barrier in communication and there are many types of disorder which can occur with a child having autism, and there could be many reasons for this disease in child might be he have lack of confidence and this is the reason for this disease and it’s also possible that he has some food problem and don’t get proper nutrition which it’s body need to grow .

Evaluation Of Factors Affecting Pupil’s Development:

Signs That Show Child’s School Performance Is Affected:

Children with communication issues, as often as possible, perform at a poor or inadequate scholastic level, battle with perusing, experience issues understanding and communicating dialect, misjudge meaningful gestures, abstain from going to class, indicate misguided thinking, and experience issues with tests.

Trouble in figuring out how to tune in, talk, read, or can come about because of issues in dialect advancement. Issues can happen in the creation, perception, and attention to dialect at the sound, syllable, word, sentence, and talk levels. People with perusing and composing issues additionally may encounter troubles in utilizing dialect deliberately to convey, think, and learn.

Problem: Both Speech And Communication

It is obvious that a child can learn a language from his surroundings, and if his parents don’t give him proper time, it will take more time in language development as compared to a normal child who can do this process in a short time and start speaking in a good language which is a good thing and effective and beneficial for society, and he can support society in a better way as compared to another child who can’t speak ina  proper way as it is calculated that 7 percent of the child are suffering from this disease so it can’t be ignored because it’s a large number of child and it they are ignored at this time this will not good for society in future as they will not do effective communication in future and don’t beneficial for society and it will effect on the progress of the country as a country depends upon the youngsters and this child having a problem with communication can’t do anything in a proper way as they have problem with communication which is the most important thing in every field of work.

There are many places where schools don’t exist, and parents are only responsible for language development and all those factors that can affect communication, like confidence, proper diet and all the techniques that are useful for learning. Parents and surroundings are responsible for doing for their children, and this child having issues can’t take part in any activities properly and is not able to support society in any way. This disease can hinder in child’s learning process in addition to language, and the child starts to lose focus and confidence as compared to an ordinary child having no problem in any aspect. This thing is not good for this child’s family and even for society because a child doesn’t focus when someone is teaching something or even when he has some problem with the language. He can’t learn anything in a proper way, and this disease can affect his learning process. In the same way, it affects confidence, and he can’t elaborate on his feelings and what he wants to say to others, and this makes the child less beneficial for anyone associated with the child as compared to another child who can elaborate on whatever he wants to say and have good focus and good learning skills.

Strategies

Some countries make communication-friendly schools to make the children more confident and get this barrier away from them, and this type of thing is better things than anything to remove this disease from a child because, in every country, many children have this disease. It is observed that 9 percent child have this disease, which is the worst thing.

Speech-Language Pathology Service:

Speech-language pathology administrations can enable children to end up plainly successful communicators, issue solvers, and decision-makers. Because of administrations, for example, memory retraining, psychological redesign, dialect upgrade, and endeavors to enhance extract considering, youngsters can profit from a more effective and fulfilling instructive experience and also enhanced associate connections. The administrations that discourse dialect pathologists give can enable kids to beat their handicaps, accomplish pride and confidence, and find significant parts in their lives.

SLCN (Speech Language Communication Needs) Sometimes, some children have problems with communication. They don’t have any medical issues, but a communication barrier exists there, and due to this, they can’t use proper speech and communication in the proper way as they must have, and it’s not a disease that a doctor can’t handle this might be a fear which can make them uncomfortable while talking, but this is not directly related to Autism which is a disease and cannot be a language barrier and not related to language only it can effect on nearly all nature, and general reaction of a person become change, and he gets temper early than a normal person and always remain in a frustration which can make him weak and slow than a normal person and even SLCN has various types and the people having this behavior are not having the same problem in every place where they get in touch with this problem.

In children with mental retardation, aggression is related to gender, age and expressive communication (Ando & Yoshimura, 1978; McClintock et al., 2003) Child having this problem must have some factor, and those were the reason that the child is suffering from this language barrier and it can be minimized by identify the issue and do some strategy to get the child away from this problem. The child may have a problem with listening; then it can be resolved by focusing on this issue from all the aspects that are the main reason for this problem and then resolving this issue. It is related to social skills, and the person has some social depression from their surroundings, which is the reason for this communication barrier and some lack of confidence in society, which hindrance his communication. It mostly occurs in children because they get jealous of other children, and this causes a lack of confidence in their personalities.

Sometimes, a child doesn’t focus on what others say, and that becomes a communication barrier because when someone is not a good listener and cannot respond properly, as compared to a normal child having good focus. Focus is the main point. How can you understand what others are saying, and then how can you respond to that person? And good approach to language is also necessary for good communication. If the child doesn’t understand properly what others are saying, then the child can’t respond properly, and learning strategies must be applied to that child having this SLCN and other problems related to communication to get them out of this problem in the proper way. There are numerous anecdotal reports of violence and aggression in people with autism spectrum disorders, particularly Asperser’s syndrome, but little systematic research concerning its frequency and character has been published (Kohn, Fahum, Ratzoni, & Apter, 1998; Mawson, Grounds,&Tantam,1985).

They should attain these learning and language-related strategies to get out of these learning problems that are related to SLCN. Sometime issue is related to vocal bury which can become a communication barrier after because child cannot have proper words to explain what he is feeling and what he wants to elaborate it also become a barrier which make hindrance while his communication and it’s lie in SLCN and this type of things increase the lack of confidence in child which is also less than other typical child having no problem of any type it is also observed that this disease are mostly occur in the under develop countries in which there are shortage of schools and other workshop where Childs can learn this techniques and develop language because primary schools are mostly responsible for this to educate children and increase confidence at basic level which is very important in childhood and if a child get lack of shortage in this stage then it will never overcome after this which is not useful or beneficial for country and this is also observed that the Childs from under developing countries get things which are not good for this child’s and even for society.

There are some types of autism that can exist in adults, too, mostly at the last stage of life, and it is also very difficult to overcome this, and this is also in huge numbers. Ninety percent of children who are identified with Autism have long-term difficulties that can’t be overcome and removed by any method (Peter &James, 1978; McClintock et al., 2009), and they are not efficient in anything as compared to other children who are normal and good in everything. It is calculated that over one million children in the UK have some speech problem. When a country like the UK is developing and provides all the facilities to the children which are needed to remove this language barrier and still one million children are unable to talk in a proper way then what you think the undeveloped Asian countries which are many years behind from the developing country like the UK what is the condition exists here and how many Childs are unable to talk properly as compared to a normal child having no problem. SLCN Is mostly referred to as hidden disability, and only some aspects of SLCN are visible to others as compared to any other disease, which is fully visible to others and can be diagnosed and removed easily by any medicine. One more thing, everyone should be polite to a child because the fear inner side is also causing stammer and problems in speech and communication, and it is observed that local authorities are mostly not interested in doing something to overcome this issue because they see it as a local problem with very few numbers because mostly it is not visible directly to people so mostly local authorizes mostly in undeveloped countries don’t do anything to overcome this issue.

There are some policies on this language barrier from big world organizations who work on this type of issue, and they make some policies for all the countries that are associated with these organizations, and they have to follow the rules of these organizations. SLCN is not a big disease that can’t be overcome, but it should be identified in the early stages, and someone should work to remove it from a child(Wilton, 2009) so it’s easy to overcome this issue and remove this disease from this child if it identifies in the early stage when a child is in early stage and his parents and other surroundings work on it and take necessary steps to remove this but first the most important is to identify the real problem which is a language barrier and creating a problem because it is related to confidence then it can be easily overcome and if it’s related to diet it also not a big problem to overcome this issue but if it’s related to any serious disorder of autism then it’s a problem, but still it’s not like a disease which can’t handle.

Primary schools should have a doctor and infrastructure to identify children having any kind of problem related to speech and communication and take the necessary steps to remove it from the stem(John,2010 ). It is obvious that this is the main responsibility of parents and primary schools to overcome this issue if any child has some issue related to speech and communication and there must be some schools in every city which are related to only that children who have some issue related to a serious disorder of autism which can’t be easily recovered with any attention from teacher and parents towards the child and this schools have all apparatus and guidance that how can they deal with this child. The government should make some guidelines for schools to follow to make proper awareness and guidance to overcome this disease, which is very harmful to children, and schools should organize some workshops for parents to guide and make aware of this disease and how they can remove this from their child and make their child more confident than before because it’s nearly impossible for the child to overcome this issue by himself and it’s too late for the child when he gets to know that he has some problem with speech and communication. It’s the responsibility of the government and parents to identify this problem and take the necessary steps to remove this from the child and make him beneficial for his family and the whole country. Application of ICT(information communication technology):

Effective communication is the stem of every field, and it’s a very important thing everywhere. And it’s very important to make a child effective in communication and understanding of language is very important in the workplace and a working person has no importance and doesn’t be useful to the company if it’s not good in the community understands understanding or elaboration of communication it depends upon the many factors which should be considered for the language development as it is obvious that many things effect on communication and there are many barriers in this field which can make hindrance in communication and person having this problem cannot do effective communication with anyone he wants to do, but the most important and effective use of Information Communication Technology is in the business organizations, and this process government also have to take part according to need as this process is not applied to an individual. This is a general requirement for anyone to speak in a good way, and the government has to take part in this job by making new universities and making the older ones do this job.

References

McClintock, K., Hall, S., and Oliver, C., 2003. Risk markers associated with challenging behaviors in people with intellectual disabilities: A meta‐analytic study. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(6), pp.405-416.

Ando, H. and Yoshimura, I., 1978. Prevalence of maladaptive behavior in retarded children as a function of IQ and age. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6(3), pp.345-349.

Kinali, M., Arechavala-Gomez, V., Feng, L., Cirak, S., Hunt, D., Adkin, C., Guglieri, M., Ashton, E., Abbs, S., Nihoyannopoulos, P. and Garralda, M.E., 2009. Local restoration of dystrophin expression with the morpholino oligomer AVI-4658 in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a single-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation, proof-of-concept study. The Lancet Neurology, 8(10), pp.918-928.

Mawson, David C., Adrian Grounds, and Digby Tantam. “Violence and Asperger’s syndrome: a case study.” The British Journal of Psychiatry (1985)