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Annotated Bibliography

Olive, J. K., Hotez, P. J., Damania, A., & Nolan, M. S. (2012). The state of the antivaccine movement in the United States: A focused examination of nonmedical exemptions in states and counties. PLoS Medicine, 15(6).

The authors explore the social movement related to vaccine opposition that is becoming increasingly prevalent in the United States in recent years. This has resulted in an increase in a measles outbreak. The authors used the method of analysis to study the relationship between nonmedical exemptions (NME) from vaccines and vaccine coverage. An inverse relationship is established between NME and mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine. The findings of their study establish that antivaccination activities are increasing in metropolitan regions, increasing diseases.

The authors are credible as they are associated with the “Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology”, making them an expert in the field. Moreover, they have referred to several reliable data sources of 18 states of the US.

Nnaji, C. A., Owoyemi, A. J., Amaechi, U. A., Wiyeh, A. B., Ndwandwe, D. E., & Wiysonge, C. S. (2020). Taking stock of global immunization coverage progress: the gains, the losses, and the journey ahead. International Health, 1-5.

The authors evaluate the implementation of the Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011 – 2020, explaining that though 2020 was the final year of its implementation, however, its goals are not achieved fully. Though the role of vaccination in attaining global immunization has been established yet, the steps taken to achieve it have been unexceptional. To ensure effective implementation a balance must be attained between supply and demand. The article highlights political unrest among the third world nations as a major obstacle in carrying out the plan. A way forward must be planned to overcome the losses faced.

The authors have presented credible information by gathering data through World Health Organization, which is a reliable source. The article is published in a peer-reviewed journal i.e. International health, making it a credible source.

Belluz, J. (2019). The global crackdown on parents who refuse vaccines for their kids is on. Retrieved from Vox: https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/8/3/16069204/vaccine-fines-measles-outbreaks-europe-australia

The author describes the antivaccine movement adopted by parents who refuse immunization for their children. The author regards it as child abuse and suggests that such parents be punished for denying immunization for their children. The article explores the punitive measures adopted by numerous countries including Germany and Australia for vaccine refusing parents. Various laws have been enacted that levy fines and expulsion from school. In the US vaccine skeptics also persuade others and the numbers keep increasing. The author suggests different measures to overcome the situation in the US.

The author is credible as she is qualified in Science Journalism and is a senior health correspondent. Her work has appeared in different international publications and she has received awards for her work too.

Hotez, P. J. (2019). Immunizations and vaccines: a decade of successes and reversals, and a call for ‘vaccine diplomacy’. International Health, 11(5), 331-333. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/inthealth/article/11/5/331/5481423

Hotez highlights the impact of global vaccination programs in improving trends in public health along with the incessant efforts of various organizations such as UNICEF, WHO, etc. The boost in vaccination numbers has reduced child mortality rates and reduced it almost by half. Moreover, new vaccines development is also underway through a partnership between various organizations. However, certain factors such as political instability, war, and antivaccine movement are the leading obstacles that hinder vaccine programs. Hotez proposes vaccine diplomacy as a solution to the problem and to counter the antivaccine movement.

The author is credible as he has backed his research with evidence and has referred to various peer-reviewed sources. The author is an expert in the field as he is a patent holder and vaccine designer for various tropical ailments.

Vouking, M. Z., Mengue, C. M., Yauba, S., Edengue, J. M., Dicko, M., Dicko, H. M., & Wiysonge, C. S. (2019). Interventions to increase the distribution of vaccines in Sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review. The Pan African Medical Journal, 32(14).

The authors analyze the weak immunization supply chain as a major barrier in achieving global immunization access, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. The method employed for this study is the review of various electronic databases and data gathering from field experts. The objective was to improve the outdated systems and evaluate the impact. The results revealed that system redesign improves vaccine availability and reduces the cost of distribution. Moreover, outsourcing the vaccines to private distributors also yields similar results. This study is important to establish improved systems of vaccine distribution.

The authors of this study are credible as their research is published in a peer-reviewed journal. Moreover, they have referred to different peer-reviewed sources and consulted field experts. The authors themselves are associated with the field of study and are specialists in their area.

References

Olive, J. K., Hotez, P. J., Damania, A., & Nolan, M. S. (2012). The state of the antivaccine movement in the United States: A focused examination of nonmedical exemptions in states and counties. PLoS Medicine, 15(6).

Nnaji, C. A., Owoyemi, A. J., Amaechi, U. A., Wiyeh, A. B., Ndwandwe, D. E., & Wiysonge, C. S. (2020). Taking stock of global immunization coverage progress: the gains, the losses, and the journey ahead. International Health, 1-5.

Belluz, J. (2019). The global crackdown on parents who refuse vaccines for their kids is on. Retrieved from Vox: https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/8/3/16069204/vaccine-fines-measles-outbreaks-europe-australia

Hotez, P. J. (2019). Immunizations and vaccines: a decade of successes, reversals, and a call for vaccine diplomacy. International Health, 11(5), 331-333. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/inthealth/article/11/5/331/5481423

Vouking, M. Z., Mengue, C. M., Yauba, S., Edengue, J. M., Dicko, M., Dicko, H. M., & Wiysonge, C. S. (2019). Interventions to increase the distribution of vaccines in Sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review. The Pan African Medical Journal, 32(14).

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