Abstract
Cloud computing is a type of distributed computing that allows organizations to store and access data on-demand. It is commonly used for various applications such as network services, storage, and platform services. However, many organizations are not excited about using it due to security concerns.
Various researchers have been developing various methods to improve the security of cloud computing. One of these is the Bi-directional DNA encryption algorithm. However, this method only focuses on the character set, ignoring the non-English users.
When it comes to storing data in the cloud, it is important that the files are encrypted along with the name of the file. This ensures that the data is secure when it is transferred to other companies or vendors.
Introduction
The rise of cloud computing has created a major opportunity for IT professionals. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the various technical issues that face the implementation of cloud computing. There are two types of cloud computing: public cloud and private cloud. Public cloud refers to the use of a pay-per-use model. On the other hand, the private cloud is a distributed model. In hybrid cloud computing, the various computing services are consumed by both the public and private cloud services. Software as a Service, or SaaS, is a type of cloud computing that allows customers to run a single service on a single cloud. A platform as a service, or PaaS, is a type of cloud computing that allows organizations to create and maintain their applications. It is additionally known as Infrastructure as a Service or IaaS. This type of cloud computing provides various services, such as storage, network capacity, and data centres.
Literature Survey
The security of data stored in cloud computing is a major concern. Various methods are used to protect data in cloud computing. These include encryption, digital signature, and message authentication. In this article, we will talk about some of the common security problems that cloud computing can face.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Based Nonce-Misuse-Resistant Authenticated Encryption Algorithm [1]
Mr. Harichandana Akumalla and Mr Ganapathi Hegde[1]. The paper presents a new algorithm that is designed to improve the efficiency and security of cloud computing by implementing a nonce-misuse-resistance algorithm. This method is based on the DNA block’s critical property, allowing it to secure the key. In order to perform this computation, the block’s processing unit uses the data structure of the ASCII code table to convert the input key into its equivalent base formats. Due to the increasing number of public channels for exchanging keys, the need for a secure method to exchange them has become more prevalent. This paper presents a new algorithm that is based on the DNA block’s critical property. It is compared with the AES-GCM standard. Here, we see that content is encrypted inside the file but not along with the file name. AES-GCM, the attacker can easily change it to anything he wants, and GCM will never notice.
Union of RSA algorithm, Digital Signature and Kerberos in Cloud Security [2]
Mr. Mehdi Hojabri and Mr. Mona Heidari [2]. The goal of this paper is to perform a study on the concept of authentication services using the authenticated server, which is a part of the framework known as KRB. After validating the users, the server creates the session key and the ticket-granting ticket. The users then send the ticket and the session key to the ticket-granting server.
After validating the users, the server sends the ticket and the session key to the ticket-granting server. The users then send the request service to the cloud service provider to use the services. After doing this, the user can access the cloud. For better security, the service provider uses a combination of encryption and decryption algorithms. They also use a digital signature for authentication. Here, we see that content is encrypted inside the file but not along with the file name. It is easy for hackers to predict the file name and guess the content of the file even though it is encrypted.
Hiding Information in the DNA Sequence Using DNA Steganographic Algorithms with Double-Layered Security [3]
Vinodhini R. E. and Malathi P. [3]. The goal of this paper is to introduce three different algorithms that are used to protect sensitive data from unauthorized access. These are an insertion algorithm, an addition/distraction algorithm, and a substitution method. The algorithms are an RSA-based insertion algorithm, a complementary algorithm using the Addition/Subtraction rule, and a combination of insertion and substitution methods with XOR operation. For instance, if you have 8 bits of data that you want to encrypt, but you decided to XOR each of them against the results of a coin flip, then the only way to decrypt them is by someone with a good knowledge of the coin flip results. But as mentioned here in the above paper[2]. The problem arises with the file name. The first is to encrypt the actual data being stored so that you can’t get that data (easily) without the key. However, in that case, you can still open the archive and view the file names (i.e., the directory hierarchy) within it. Only once you try to get the file content will you need the key.
If you don’t even want people to see those file names without the key, you should encrypt those as well.
Implementation of a digital signature with an RSA encryption algorithm to enhance the data security of the cloud in cloud computing [4].
Uma Somani, Kanika Lakhani, and Manish Mundra [4] In this paper, we introduce two types of enterprises: one is an organization that has public data, and the other is a company that has a private cloud. The two methods that are used to secure communication are the Digital signature and the RSA algorithm. In this case, the former takes the data from the cloud, while the latter gives the B the secure data.
The first step in implementing the Digital signature is to create a message digest, which is a function that is used to crush the data or document into little pieces. After that, the two methods will perform a combination of encryption and decryption to secure the communication. With the help of the public key and the private key, A will encrypt the data, and B will decrypt it. But as mentioned here in the above paper[2]. The problem arises with the file name. The first is to encrypt the actual data being stored so that you can’t get that data (easily) without the key. However, in that case, you can still open the archive and view the file names (i.e., the directory hierarchy) within it. Only once you try to get the file content will you need the key.
If you don’t even want people to see those file names without the key, you should encrypt those as well.
Proposed Work
In the previous section, we discussed the various security problems that are encountered when using cloud computing. In this paper, we introduce bi-serial DNA, an encryption algorithm that provides two levels of security for file names and file content. It also adds one more level of encryption of the Cipher technique before the DNA process gets encrypted. This adds stronger security to the purpose of storing the data.
Various Cipher Technique
Substitution Cipher / Caesar Cipher: Encryption is a process that involves hiding some data. When plain text is used, it becomes hard to read and is referred to as ciphertext. In a substitution cypher, the character from the given set of characters is replaced by another set of characters with a key. For instance, if A shifts from one set of characters to another, then A becomes B, and so on.
Mathematical representation
The process is represented by a modular arithmetic scheme that allows one to transform letters into numbers. For instance, if A shifts from one set of characters to another, then A becomes B, and so on.
Encryption phase with Shift n
Decryption phase with Shift n
Keyword Cipher: A keyword cypher is a type of monoalphabetic substitution that allows one to determine the letter matchings of a given word to the plain alphabet. After the word is removed, the key is used to determine the corresponding letter matchings in the ciphertext. The rest of the letters are then used in an alphabetical order.
Encryption: The first line of the input contains the keyword that you wish to enter, while the second line contains the string that you have to encrypt.
Plaintext: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y
Encrypted: K R Y P T O S A B C D E F G H I J L M N Q U V W X
The keyword Kryptos is used to encrypt the message “knowledge is power.” All of the letters in the string are then converted into numbers.
Encrypting the message: Knowledge is Power.
Encoded message: IlmWjbaEb GQ NmWbp
Decryption: To decode the message, you check the position of the given message in encrypting text with the plain text.
Plaintext: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y
Encrypted: K R Y P T O S A B C D E F G H I J L M N Q U V W X
Message: PTYBIATLEP
Deciphered Text: DECIPHERED
Now, how do we generate the deciphered string? We search for ‘P’ in Encrypted Text, compare its position with a plain text letter, and generate that letter. So ‘P’ becomes ‘D’, ‘T’ becomes ‘E’, ‘Y’ becomes ‘C’, and so on.
DNA Digital Coding
In the field of information science, the digital coding is encoded by two states 0 and 1 and a combination of 0 and 1. However, in DNA, it can be encoded by four different bases. These are ADENINE, THYMINE, CYTOSINE, and GUANINE. There is a possibility of 4! =24 patterns by using the encoding format (0123/ATGC).[4][17]
Table 1. DNA Digital Coding
Key Combination
In this example, we are using ATGC as a key. Each bit has two bits, which are known as A=00, T=01, and C=11. By using ATGC, we can generate various key combinations, which are given in Table 2. We can then send and receive a 72-bit key using the same algorithm. The key value is sent to the receiver side by means of a random exchange.[4][17]
Table 2: Key combination
3. A. Encryption Process
Fig 1: Encryption process
To understand the proposed workflow chart, we first need to consider an example. In this case, we are dealing with encryption operations for plain text “Testing”.
Here, we are using the “Keyword Cipher” to convert plain text. So, we get cipher text “ntmnbgs” this will be sent for DNA cryptography methods further. We are using multiple encryption methods to make the content structure strong and make it difficult for the hacker to hack the content.
Fig 2: Keyword cipher conversion
Plain text: Testing
Cipher text: ntmnbgs
Unicode / ASCII: u006E\u0074\u006D\u006E\u0062\u0073
Hexadecimal value: 5c75303036455c75303037345c75303036445c75303036455c75303036325c7530303733
Binary Value:
010111000111010100110000001100000011011001000101010111
00011101010011000000110000001101110011010001011100011101
010011000000110000001101100100010001011100011101010
01100000011000000110110010001010101110001110101001
100000011000000110110001100100101110001110101001100
00001100000011011100110011
DNA Digital coding: From Table 1 w,e can write
TTCATCTTACAAACAAACTGTATTTTCATCTTACAAACAAACTCACT
ATTCATCTTACAAACAAACTGTATATTCATCTTACAAACAAACTGTAT
TTTCATCTTACAAACAAACTGACAGTTCATCTTACAAACAAACTCACAC
Now, from Table 2, the amplified message is generated; the amplified Message
11111110100111110010010100100101001001110110111111111110100111110010010
100100101001010010010011011111110100111110010010100100101001001110110
01101111111010011111001001010010010100100111011011111111111010011111001
00101001001010010011100100001111111101001111100100101001001010010100100100010
3.B. Decryption Process
Now, at the receiver side, the receiver receives the amplified message and ATGC key for decryption.
Fig 3: Decryption Process
Amplified message
1111111010011111001001010010010100100111011011111111111010011111
001001010010010100101001001001101111111010011111001001010010
0101001001110110011011111110100111110010010100100101001001110
11011111111111010011111001001010010010100100111001000011111111
01001111100100101001001010010100100100010
DNA Digital coding
TTCATCTTACAAACAAACTGTATTTTCATCTTACAAACAAACTCACTATTCA
TCTTACAAACAAACTGTATATTCATCTTACAAACAAACTGTATTTTCATCTT
ACAAACAAACTGACAGTTCATCTTACAAACAAACTCACAC
Binary Value:
0101110001110101001100000011000000110110010001010101110001110
1010011000000110000001101110011010001011100011101010011000000
1100000011011001000100010111000111010100110000001100000011011
001000101010111000111010100110000001100000011011000110010010
111000111010100110000001100000011011100110011
Hexadecimal value: 5c75303036455c75303037345c75303036445c75303036455c75303036325c7530303733
Unicode / ASCII: u006E\u0074\u006D\u006E\u0062\u0073
Cipher text: ntmnbgs
Plain text: Testing
Conclusions
The main challenge of cloud usability is data security. Various types of algorithms, such as DNA encryption, D-Hellman, and Secure Sockets Layer, are available to provide secure access to the data stored on the cloud. BDEA is a two-layer security algorithm that is used to protect the character sets in ASCII text. In this paper, we propose a system that uses BDEA to implement two-layer security for the character sets for the content of the file and also the file names.
This paper aims to provide a framework that can be used by cloud users to improve the security of their data. In the future, we will study the various attacks that can be performed on the file contents and the file itself.
Acknowledgements
We authors would like to convey our sincere gratitude to Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore, for providing a congenial working environment and constant support in completing our project.
Results / Snapshot
Fig 4: Source
Fig 5:Decryption Process with the key needed
Fig 6:Decryption Process- Destination
Fig 7: Encrypt / Decrypt Conversion process
Fig 7: key needed for the folder extract
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