Michalek and Papalambros article talk about the design of architectural floor using an interactive method for incorporating human-decision making and mathematical optimization. Many design area involves constraints, preferences as well as subjective and quantifiable goals. Various subjective and aesthetic design aspects are overlooked in model optimization since they are hard to model with mathematics. However, architectural and product design requires the use of aesthetic and subjective aspects in designing of the floors plans. During optimization, there is a physical interaction between the building objects and the designer. The interaction is vital since the optimization representation can be changed through modification, deletion, and adding of the structural, constraints, and objective units. The designer easily refines the ill-defined designs encountered at early design phase through the application of the mathematical optimization tool. Moreover, exploration of design alternatives computationally and visually is highly utilized by the designers to sustain, compute and provide effective solutions.
Performative Computation-aided Design Optimization
The authors of the article illustrate the use of the approaches of performance-based computational design in generation, optimization and simulation of architectural designs. The research examines various methods of design such as the relationship between performance, building form and proprietary software used for parametric design. The article describes the present issues for form sketching. Architects have unprecedented freedom of fabricating and modeling form due to extensive CAD/CAM technologies development. The digital fabrication has intensified the disconnection between principles of “performance driven design” and methods of “visual-driven from seeking.” The research methodology used focuses on technical optimization and human optimization (the performance was driven and visual driven processes integration). The two projects used to explain the concept are the Anthropometric Garments and the Scuta – Re: Skin. The Anthropometric Garments project introduces the students the use of ergonomic analyses and Anthropometric in observing and documenting the human body. The investigations drive from using performativity and visual data extracted from the human body. The “scuta” project investigates the visual-based and performance-based design relationships. The research concludes that the relationship between performance, meaning, and form generates new design languages and methodologies.
BLACK-BOX OPTIMISATION METHODS FOR ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
Exploration of automated design space depends on the black-box optimization. The articles talk about the three types of black-spot optimization in architecture. The four performance designs with unique characteristics and complexity are the basis used for the comparison. The first black-spot optimization method is metaheuristics. It is a common approach among practitioner and researchers. Many architectural theorists utilize this theory in their writing. It is a popular method since it can be applied to multi-objective optimization, easy to implement and use. Visual programming software such as GrasshopperTM easily implements genetic algorithms. The second type is direct search which minimizes the possibility to construct a model without objective function. DIRECT is a common example of direct search which can be incorporated in GoatTM. Nevertheless, the direct search method out-per when applied to test problems of mathematics. The last method is the model-based optimization. It establishes the unknown fitness landscape through the use of interpolated functions. Also, the estimation of the design candidate performance is done by a surrogate model. This approach is appropriate in architecture design process because it is possible to estimate the performance of the whole design space and establish a good design candidate at the same time. The result indicates that the metaheuristics method is appropriate where the design candidates are thousands while model-based and direct search method require few design candidates.
Heuristic Methods in Architectural Design Optimization
The focus of authors in this article is on the illustration of methods of optimization and the roles they play in architectural production and design. The development of the optimization methods happened “New Monte Rosa Shelter” project’s research phase to enable the design’s adaptation for the specific constructive and environmental constraints of the site and cost minimization. Students developed the New Monte Rosa Shelter project for a high altitude mountain shelter. The article explains that optimization was required to reduce cost and to minimize weight as well as the material of the structure for construction and transportation reasons. The optimization of the wooden framework geometry was made possible by a series of genetic algorithm programs. The architects got surface information output from the combination of the programs to produce a digital toolset which allowed for three-dimensional model output from the framing data. The optimization toolset enables easy manipulation of the architecture. The article centered on single specific optimization tool that enabled automatic filling of the wooden framework with different constructive systems and materials.
Nonlinear Shaping Architecture Designed with Using Evolutionary Structural Optimization Tool
The article explores the use of the Evolutionary Structural Optimization as a digital tool in architecture and structural designs. Nature provides structural designs and efficient engineering solutions in architecture. The connection between science and art is established if the structures and natural environment interact. Hence it is a new concept that should be applied in architectural design. Utilization of the finite elements like framework for engineering purposes was the primary reason for the development of the Evolutionary Structural and Optimization tool. Extended, Bi-directional, and additive ESO are the incarnations resulted from the development of ESO. The paper also explains the use of digitals tools in architectural and structural designs. The result indicates that combination of economic and ecological efficiency, as well as sustainability, occurs when structural and architectural designs appreciate a new holistic integration. For instance, a highly energy-efficient building in Switzerland is known as Rolex Learning Center. The findings show that integration of multitude parameter and structural optimization is the basis of an excellent optimized architectural design. Moreover, the paper assumes the correlation between design method and processes in nature. Therefore, a good revolutionary or architecture forms and space is not guaranteed by the architecture design and structural engineering but by the Evolutionary Structural Optimization tool.
Using Evolutionary Computation to explore geometry and
Topology without ground structures
Peter Von B. explain the application of the Evolutionary Computation (EC) in the exploration of topology and geometry without ground structures. Evolutionary Computation use in optimization and analysis of structural systems has increased over the past two decades. The EC methods include the Generic Algorithms, Evolutionary Strategies and Simulated Annealing as well as other numerical methods based on stochastic. The methods are very computationally intensive, unlike deterministic methods. As the size of being analyzed increases, the burden of computation also increases. Direct computational methods such as linear programming are where ground structures were first applied. The article explains that avoiding the use of the ground structure as a common practice of coding the topology can reduce the computation level. The author further suggests that avoiding the use of ground structure can help in reaching several good solutions as it has been shown in comparative examples. Computational hindrance occurs when ground structures are used such that computational intensity level needed for the Evolutionary Computation is impacted by chromosome (binary string length).
Structural Morphology and Self-organization by STACH, EDGAR
Edgar papers investigate a fundamental principle regarding the relationship between physical constraints and optimization logic. The goal of the research was to understand the process of optimization in nature through evaluation of each process based on their scope, essential features, processes, principles, and process. Topology and structural shape optimization are the efficient and reliable method of computational for structural optimization. However, the two techniques are rarely used by the designers or architects. The practical application of the structural optimization theory in structural design is through the use of the principle of the lightweight in nature. Structural morphology occurs on micro, local, and global scale. The optimal layout is the essential constituent for the Performance-Based Optimization of Structure. The structure “layout” in this context refers to sizing, shape, and topology information of the materiality and structural component. It is possible to address a different problem at the same time using this optimization strategy. Structural morphology links architecture and civil engineering(ecampus ingegneria civile). The study on how structural behavior relates to geometric is the termed as structural morphology. Independent and clear subsystem results when the form is decomposed through structural engineering as opposed to contemporary architecture. However, the new analysis tool enables architecture to deal with complex geometry and avoid system severing and isolating.
The practical optimization of complex architectural forms
The articles explain how complex architectural forms can be optimized practically by use of digital methodologies. The shape of a building determines the internal conditions and the energy consumption. Production of designs with minimal consumption of energy has been attempted several times within thermal simulation environment using computer-based optimization. The article explains that optimizing parameters including glazing ratios and U-values have been looked at in most of the studies. The article presents the methodology of optimizing which involves internal layout and building facades. Basic shape alteration can affect the performance of energy by up to 40 percent. Optimization of form can be done by using genetic algorithms floor division into multiple spaces allows correct distribution of equipment in the building, artificial lighting, and occupancy.
