Introduction
Wildlife conservation is the process of conserving animals in their wild habitats. The process conserves species that are less in number and have the threat of extinction. The process is essential because without it thousands of animals can be extinct. In the past there was no regulation for hunting and hunters were bound by any law that forbids them from killing animals. There was no structure of taxes or enforcement of animal conservation and no laws and rules that enforce these laws. The concept of wildlife conservation in the United States was originated by the efforts of Theodore Roosevelt when he created United States Forest Service (USFS) in 1906 to protect forest and wildlife.
Dr. Jon Hutton considers Wildlife conservation as not a part of conservation but the conservation itself. Many people have opposite views on this subject, and they consider hunting as unlawful and murder. However, after the development of hunting laws wildlife is more protected. The Wildlife agencies conserve wildlife by collecting taxes from the hunters and by selling them hunting licenses. It is more of a survival skill rather than a sport and people are hunting animals since ancient times to harvest meat. Hunting may be a sport that involves the killing of animals, but it contributes to conserving wildlife.
Discussion
Hunting preserves wildlife by providing financial support to wildlife agencies. A large portion of this financial support comes from the taxes and wildlife licensing. These licenses include firearm license fees which impose taxes on pistols, bows, and other hunting equipment. Federal Aid regulates this taxation to Wildlife Restoration Fund (Braverman, pp. 150). The fees collected by taxation goes to the wildlife restoration agencies which uses it to preserve fish and wildlife. The wildlife taxation was established in the 1930s which granted permission to hunters for a shorter period.This taxation generates around 1.1 billion dollars annually that is paid by hunters who are further used for the conservation of wildlife (Hosmer, n.p). In addition to the revenue generated from the taxation, millions of dollars are spent annually for wildlife restoration in the US. In addition to this taxation, the conservation is funded by personal funding’s which totals to around 3 billion annually that is reserved for only the conservation purposes (Hosmer, n.p).
The Pittman- Robertson law that applies to all hunting equipment provides up to 75% of the total costs that are used for preservation of wildlife. This law with the addition of hunting equipment laws collectively generates money that makes 90% of the total contribution collected for wildlife preservation (Braverman, pp. 151). The New York state licenses that allow hunter for fishing and hunting generates about 47 million annually deposited into Wildlife conservation fund that protects and promotes the growth of freshwater fishes and wildlife. Therefore we can safely claim that wildlife conservation agencies rely on hunters to provide the required funds.
The moral view about hunting describes it as an action that is against the natural balance. It is claimed by the people who are against hunting that killing is human’s action against the natural order. It should be by no right allowed to kill any animal, be it in abundance or endangered. The laws that regulate hunting provide a legally acquired private ownership of hunting areas to people who like hunting as a sport. The public trust doctrine provides conservation of natural resources including wildlife (Braverman, pp. 151). Similarly, the New York state hunting law makes it illegal to kill a deer by gun or a vehicle as in some areas this species is endangered. These laws are made to protect animals and are successfully protecting wildlife at a greater rate, but most of the people who are against hunting for sport want to preserve wildlife just because they want to enjoy them both as a natural asset and source of meat. Most people do not care for animals as a natural attraction rather they want to preserve them for their future.
Hunting has proven to increase the population of animals. This has been proven as a fact in research made for Fairfield County Municipal Deer Management, Department of Environmental Protection (FCMDMA). The agency initially aimed to reduce the deer population by 10 to 12 per square mile. The agency provided the logic of decreasing this number as not to reduce the population but to provide a constant number of available hunting opportunities to the hunters (Chitwood, Michael C., et al., 2015). When no animals are hunted the natural order and nature itself balance their number governs they birth and death rate. This rate is maintained by the predators and natural deaths of the animals. The FCMDMA claims that by hunting animals the average growth rate of animals increases. They claim that controlled hunting of animals provides more resources for the remaining animals and they have less competition for food resources and in choosing females. This reduces the death rate of animals that is due to increased competition for food and territorial disputes.
With the increase in legal protections, the net increase in a number of the deer population in the Northern United States is positive. The forests are now protected, and there are more forests now than there were a hundred or two hundred years back. The impact of reverse deforestation has reversed the decreasing number of animal population (Braverman, pp. 159). More forests are providing more natural habitats for the wildlife, and their population is increasing because of favorable conditions. Hunting in more densely populated areas where the deer population is higher than normal decreases the competition. This factor encourages deer population to move towards other areas where the population is less. It decreases both the competition in those densely populated areas as well as population boost in areas where deer move.
Another factor how hunting preserved the deer population is by decreasing the number of its predators. The hunters have a special interest in killing wild wolfs and mountain lions. Hunters kill these predators as a sport as well as for their precious hide. Killing these predators for several purposes has reduced the number of deer deaths that were caused by the predator attacks (Braverman, pp. 160).
The process of hunting which is considered to be acting against nature and morally incorrect by many people has many potential benefits. The hunters provide financial support to preserve wildlife by paying for their taxes and licenses of ammunition and other hunting tools. Also of taxes, hunters also provide additional support which directly goes to wildlife conserving agencies and is spent on improving natural habitats. The laws that protect hunting are securing hunting grounds and forests which is increasing wildlife population. Hunting is directly increasing the population of some species too. As we see from the deer example, the hunting of these animals and their predators has increased the population of deer, and the number is ever increasing
Conclusion
Hunting is inarguably benefiting the natural wildlife and helping in conserving the animals. It provides financial support to wildlife agencies in preserving animals is proving to be a positive factor in their preservation. Hunting of one species also increases the number of another specie that serves as a prey for the first one. The people who have moral views about hunting and consider it unethical should provide a little flexibility on the issue and try to understand the positive effects of hunting too rather than holding a strong bias against it.
Works Cited
Braverman, Irus. “Conservation and Hunting: Till Death Do They Part? A Legal Ethnography of Deer Management.” Journal of Land Use & Environmental Law 30.2 (2015): 143-199.
Chitwood, Michael C., et al. “White‐tailed deer population dynamics and adult female survival in the presence of a novel predator.” The Journal of Wildlife Management 79.2 (2015): 211-219.
Hosmer, Joe “Hunters Value Wildlife”. (2018). Earthisland.org. Retrieved 8 April 2018, from http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/hunters_value_wildlife/
Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation. “Newsletters.” Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation > News and Media > Newsletters, www.rmef.org/NewsandMedia/Newsletters.aspx.
