Academic Master

Technology

Echo cardiogram Essay

Introduction

Analogous to an echocardiogram, a Doppler ultrasound (or Doppler echocardiography) is an examination that combines the use of very high-frequency sound waves which get recoiled from the patient heart as well as blood vessels. In this procedure, echoes are chosen and rotated into images that display the flow of blood via arteries or the heart. It then permits doctors to have the clear perceptibility of the way the blood is flowing in a specified patient heart and blood vessels. This also permits doctors to acknowledge the obstacles in arteries and calculate the degree of tightening or seepage of heart valves. It allows the assessment of blood flow in coronary, carotid and other major arteries. Thus, it is recommended in patients that have atherosclerosis or coronary artery disease.

Echocardiography uses high-frequency ultrasound to study the human heart for diagnosis of valvular heart disease. This technique provides the valuable quantitative information in real-time about the different dimensions of cardiac structures. This technique is used to have the information regarding the ventricular volumes and myocardial wall thickness. This also provides information related to blood and tissue velocities. MRI is also at present recognized diagnostic modality for assessment of valvular stenosis, but the preferred investigative modality is echocardiography.This comparatively new noninvasive system has some imperative practices in patients with valvular heart disease. It provides direct hemodynamic data that assists in patient recovery.In patients, heart failure echocardiography being the low cost and versatile is an indispensable test. It can be performed in hospitals during the regular procedures or in intensive care environment (Marwick, 2015). It provides the assessment of myocardial structure and function, valvular illness, and hemodynamics.This research paper will discuss the echocardiography (use of Doppler ultrasound) for the assessment of heart valve diseases.

Literature review

Echocardiography is an authentic method as compared to others as percutaneous or transcatheter interventions which need widespread multi-modality imaging direction. It provides the precise prediction of the pressure gradient crossways the valve with the measurement of peak flow velocity. This also provides data related to pressure gradient as well as mitral orifice area. Thus, this method can be used to deliver direct indication for or against the occurrence of valvular spewing out. Also, this is used for assessing the veracity of the second valve in those patients that have identified disease of one cardiac valve.

Noninvasive evaluation of valvular cut with Doppler echocardiography is founded on resolving of velocities of blood flow in the area of the cardiac valve. These are contiguous cardiac chambers and present in the large vessels. When there are barriers in the vessels than that lead to an increase in the speed of flow in the area of the stenosis. This can be diagnosed with the help of use of Doppler technique. It is possible to have the value of speed with the help of Bernoulli equation. According to the equation, when there is more velocity, then pressure gets reduced at the valves. Moreover, the harshness of the stenosis is mirrored in the chronological route of the velocity arc at the stenosed valve.

In cardiology, currently, Echocardiography has taken the form of major diagnostic imaging technique. During the last five decades, its diagnostic ability has sharply increased, and it can capture image from M-mode as well as two-dimensional (2D) imaging. There is now much advancement in computer technology as well as in ultrasound instrumentation, due to which there is now possible to have the three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography (Gabriel, Kamp &Visser, 2005).It. With this, there is now opened a new period in cardiovascular imaging. This new 3D echocardiography has the impending for setting up operations and evaluates interventional or surgical consequences.

Thus, Cardiac Output Doppler echocardiography is practical for the calculation of cardiac output. The cardiac output equals the volume of blood for implementation of left ventricle every minute. This output is shown in cardiology as liters per minute. The volume of blood expelled at each systolic beat is known as stroke volume. This calculation has a base over the postulation that the aorta is a tube throughout each systolic beat. This cylindrical surge volume possibly will be calculated, if one knows the value of the area, along with the length.

Echocardiography is also used as a preferred method as it is three-dimensional (3D) imaging and provides better results than other interventions (Hahn, 2015). It was originally familiarized in 2000, and the sustained upgrading of 3D technology has directed its prevalent obtainability and its rising effectiveness, predominantly for valvular heart diseases. Two techniques can be used in Doppler ultrasound or Echocardiography. One is the continuous-wavcother is pulsed wave Doppler (Lancellotti et al., 2013). Continuous-wave Doppler makes use of a transducer that consists of two ultrasonic crystals. One uninterruptedly produces ultrasound, and the other uninterruptedly takes the backscattered ultrasound indication. The results of this continuous-wave Doppler in the form of frequency shifts are the combination of all signals received by the ultrasound beam.  On the other hand, Pulsed Doppler delivers range resolution and for this purpose, time-gating is used.

Blood flow calculations in echocardiography depend upon the Doppler principle, according to which the calculated shift in frequency between a conveyer and a received ultrasound wave is connected to the speed at which the scatterers (red blood cells) inside the sample volume are changing(Moran, Thomson, RogZielinska, & Gray, 2013). This practice along with calculation of blood flow is also capable of investigating tissue movement. Doppler echocardiography not only perceives the incidence of regurgitation but also authorizes to realize methods of regurgitation(Lancellotti et al., 2013). In clinical practice, the organization of patients having valvular regurgitation mainly put together the consequences of echocardiography. It is consequently vital to give principles that plan at setting up a baseline catalog of capacity to be executed when charging regurgitation.

Echocardiography is main non-invasive imaging technique for valve stenosis evaluation(Baumgartner et al., 2009). Clinical decision-making is founded on echocardiographic today. Appraisal of the harshness of valve stenosis is necessary that standards take on to uphold correctness and consistency across echocardiographic laboratories. It is done when there are assessment and exposure valve stenosis. Echocardiography has become the standard way for appraisal of aortic stenosis (AS) sternness. Cardiac catheterization is not further suggested except in uncommon cases when echocardiography becomes non-diagnostic with clinical data.

Methodology:

Research methodology is principally a procedure of how research is being carried out. It includes different tools and methods for carrying out particular research or judgment. Consequently, it is significant to choose a precise technique to assess research purposes. Here the used methodology is case studies that are included in literature review as a qualitative study. Thus, there is the use of secondary sources mostly the scholarly articles from the last few years to draw results.

Findings and discussion:

There is the use of the principle of reflection and scattering in the ultrasound, due to which it is possible to use an area of cardiology. Fundamentally, all ultrasound imaging is done by producing a pulse, which is in part reflected from a border between two tissue arrangements, and in part broadcasted. The difference in impedance of two tissues structures is responsible for reflection. Basic imaging by ultrasound does only make use of the amplitude material within the reflected indication. When there is the production of one pulse, then the reflected signal, on the other hand, is sampled further or less incessantly. Because there is quite an invariable velocity of sound in tissue, thus, the time between the release of a pulse and the greeting of a reflected signal is reliant on the distance. This is referring to the deepness of the reflecting structure. The reflected pulses are therefore sampled at multiple time periods that relate to multiple depths, and shown in the image as deepness. There is the different quantity of the emitted energy by a different configuration. Therefore, the reflected signal from different pits will have diverse amplitudes. The period before a new pulse is flung out. This period is associated with maximum preferred depth which is required for the image.

Thus, this principle is the base of Doppler Effect, which is due to the reflection of ultrasound from stirring blood or tissue. This is seen in response to a change in frequency of the reproduced ultrasound within the incident ultrasound. This Doppler shift has been extensively employed in clinical practice as a resource for calculating blood velocity. Two types of Doppler Imaging are used in cardiology. These are Colour Doppler Velocity Imaging and Power Doppler Imaging.

Conclusion

Doppler echocardiography is a comparatively new noninvasive method that is used as a substitute technique for assessing patients that have valvular heart disease. It is the primary imaging modality for the analysis and organization of patients that suffer from valvular heart disease. Development in surgical conclusion and proceeding in the interventional method need additional modification in echocardiographic imaging (Hahn, 2015). All imaging method can give an ejection fraction, but the adaptability of echocardiography create it exclusive in the stipulation of volume, diastolic purpose, right ventricular purpose, hemodynamics as well as valvular regurgitation. Also, advancements in the area of 3D ultrasound imaging have permitted to have the superior qualitative estimation of valvular construction. The adding up of color flow Doppler to the 3D imaging has granted a benefit of having enhanced image of regurgitant lesions and grasp great assurance for better quantitative appraisal of these types of cuts. The continuing smallness of transducers and development in hardware and software parts of ultrasound systems will surely improve both the effortlessness of image attainment in addition to image excellence, which should consequence in additional exact quantitation of valvular dysfunction. Though, clinical paybacks of 3D echocardiography are up till now to be established incorrectly ways clinical examinations. These are required for the extensive acceptance of this technique.

Doppler echocardiography should occur to a customary element of the noninvasive appraisal of patients with known or supposed valvular heart disease. It is an essential portion of the cardiovascular echocardiographic assessment. This results in the specific hemodynamic assessment of the heart. Both systolic and diastolic roles are possible to be quantitated using blood collection and tissue Doppler. This makes possible to have the investigation of pressure gradients, intracardiac forces, valve region, regurgitant degree, and shunt volume can be noninvasively calculated unfailingly. Support on Doppler hemodynamics in addition to 2D echocardiography, the majority of hemodynamic circumstances can be controlled surgically in addition to medically with no invasive hemodynamic calculations.

Limitations:

There are certain limitations of this qualitative study. This is only discussing the effects over the specified number of patients that are in case studies. As this is not original study, so it is difficult to specify the legal and ethical issues, in this study. This is not making use of any inferential statistics technique. The results are only based on subjective judgments.

References

Baumgartner, H., Hung, J., Bermejo, J., Chambers, J. B., Evangelista, A., Griffin, B. P., …&Quiñones, M. (2009). Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography22(1), 1-23.

Gabriel, V., Kamp, O., &Visser, C. A. (2005).Three-dimensional echocardiography in mitral valve disease. European Journal of Echocardiography6(6), 443-454.

Hahn, R. (2015). Recent advances in echocardiography for valvular heart disease. F1000Research4(F1000 Faculty Rev).

Lancellotti, P., Tribouilloy, C., Hagendorff, A., Popescu, B. A., Edvardsen, T., Pierard, L. A., …&Zamorano, J. L. (2013). Recommendations for the echocardiographic assessment of native valvular regurgitation: an executive summary from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. European Heart Journal–Cardiovascular Imaging14(7), 611-644.

Marwick, T. H. (2015). The role of echocardiography in heart failure. Journal of Nuclear Medicine56(Supplement 4), 31S-38S.

Moran, C. M., Thomson, A. J., Rog‐Zielinska, E., & Gray, G. A. (2013).High‐resolution echocardiography in the assessment of cardiac physiology and disease in preclinical models.Experimental Physiology, 98(3), 629–644.

SEARCH

Top-right-side-AD-min
WHY US?

Calculate Your Order




Standard price

$310

SAVE ON YOUR FIRST ORDER!

$263.5

YOU MAY ALSO LIKE

Pop-up Message