Comorbidity Issues in War Veterans
Theme: Alcohol problems in OEF/OIF War Veterans
| Research Title, Authors, Date | Aims and objectives | Research Methods and Ethical Issues |
Population and Sample Size | Strengths and weaknesses of the methodology |
Main Findings | Implications for Practice |
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Military Sexual Trauma, Combat Exposure, and Negative Urgency as Independent Predictors of PTSD and Subsequent Alcohol Problems Among OEF/OIF Veterans
Austin, Austin M. Hahn, Christine K. Tirabassi, Raluca M. Simons, and Jeffrey S. Simons. (2015)
Psychological Services 12 : 378-383
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To unfold the relationship between military sexual trauma and alcohol use, related problems.
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Path Model research |
Population: 90
Sample size: 86
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Strength: Exploring the complicated relationship between MST and PTSD
Weakness: Lack of Diversity.
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Without proper treatment, MST can Transmit into the severe disorder like PTSD. |
The study implies that those veterans who experience MST are at a significant risk of suffering PTSD symptoms and subsequent alcohol-related problems independent of combat exposure. |
| Theme: Alcohol abuse and neurotic disorders in UK Military. | ||||||
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The prevalence of common mental disorders and PTSD in the UK Military: using data from a clinical interview-based study.
Amy C Iversen*1, Lauren van Staden1, Jamie Hacker Hughes2, Tess Browne1, Lisa Hull1, John Hall3, Neil Greenberg2, Roberto J Rona1, Matthew Hotopf1, Simon Wessely1 and Nicola T Fear2
(2009)
BMC Psychiatry
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To explore the depression risk factors and PSTD Symptoms in the UK Army deployed during the Iraq War.
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Standard two-phase technical method. Study approved by the NHS college, defence ministry, and the personnel and research ethics committee of Navy.
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Population: 821
Sample size: 626
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Strength: Large sample and high response rate with no bias in observation.
Weakness: Missing of the response of the vulnerable and socially excluded military personnel.
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PSTD symptoms are not the primary cause of Psychological issues rather than misuse of Alcohol.
Reserve personnel are more prone to depression than regular serving in Army.
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Through intervention/prevention and educational practice, depressive disorders can lessen in the military personnel.
Increase assistance to the reserve personnel is still significant and should be continued.
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| Theme: PTSD Symptoms and intimate relationship problem | ||||||
| Veterans’ PTSD Symptoms and Their Partners’ Desired Changes in Key
Relationship Domains
Adam D. LaMotte, Casey T. Taft, Annemarie F. Reardon, and Mark W. Miller (2015)
Psychological Trauma, Research and Theory
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The examination of the overall symptoms of the PSTD that are associated with the partners of the veterans and the perception of these relations that requires change.
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The Clinician PTSD scale method.
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Population:
Veterans located in New Mexico & Boston
Sample
249
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Strength:
The critical assessment of the partners.
Weakness:
The research was not able to investigate the influence of the gender on variables that are examined in the study.
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The share activities of the partners are significant during the treatment of the veterans at the clinic. Those symptoms that are related to the emotions of the military personnel can extend the approach during the process of intervention.
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Elucidation is required for the expansion of relation through the longitudinal research, which can have the potential to address those core areas that are not discussed in this study. Further results can achieve through the application of the counselling in PSTD veterans that needs change relationship.
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| Theme: PTSD treatment for UK military. | ||||||
| Mental health and functional
impairment outcomes following a The 6-week intensive treatment programme for UK military veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a naturalistic study to explore dropout and health outcomes at follow-up
Dominic, et al. (2018)
BMJ Open
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This study aims to check the effectiveness of the program initiated by the National Health Service to provide the interventions to the veterans facing the combat stress through the Posttraumatic stress disorder.
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Subject design methodology
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Population:
veterans that was available from late 2012 to early 2014
Sample: 246 |
Strength:
The first ever kind of the research on the outcomes of the intervention for veterans facing PSTD.
Weakness:
Limited conclusions provided in the study. Little knowledge of the participant experience before enrolling for intervention. |
Reduction in the scores of PSTD patients. Functional impairment along with the disease of the depression and anger are also reduced after the research. | A profound observation is required when veterans were going through the intervention of PSTD. Further evaluation is also needful regarding this research as various issues are left unaddressed. Group and the individual can accommodate while applying the treatment along with the war veterans, which might help the latter. |
| Theme: PSTD prevalence in UK Peacekeepers. | ||||||
| Getting a piece of the action:
measures of post-traumatic stress in UK military Peacekeeper.
Neil Greenberg, Amy Iversen, Lisa Hull, Duncan Bland, Simon Wessely (2008)
Academic Centre for Mental health.
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The primary purpose of the study is to find out the measures of PSTD operating in the peacekeeper’s forces of the UK. It also ain at examining the health outcomes of deploying without peers using the tool of PSTD.
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Sub-sample design
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Population:
Personnel deployed from 1991 to 2000.
Sample 964
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Strength:
Study compose was no conflict of interest as propounded by the author himself.
Weakness: Restrictive study and have no long term measures provided by the writer.
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Regardless of the simplicity of PSTD problem, media will continuously attract the news of this issue. Despite the fact that peace is vital, but the deployment of forces on such operation in such a way will have severe psychological consequences.
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The UK forces of peacekeeping need highly conventional war training and operation. Keeping in the peace mission will create risk management issue, and psychological health will ultimately affect the personnel of the armed forces. Around the world military forces are facing the same problem of the mental stress, simple practical steps are required eliminating such mental diseases.
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| Theme: Long-term PSTD with structure programme for UK veterans | ||||||
| Long-term responses to treatment in the UK
veterans with military-related PTSD: an observational study
Dominic Murphy, Lucy Spencer-Harper, Carron Carson, Emily Palmer, Kate Hill, Nicola Sorfleet, Simon Wessely, Walter Busuttil1 (2017)
BMJ OPEN
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The identification of the long-term interventions for the trauma that is related to the military. Assessment of the one-year result of UK veterans treated before for post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Within-participant design. | Population:
Participant recruited from CS
Sample: 401 |
Strength:
Samples obtained from the national programme of treatment for PSTD. Sixty-seven percent made contact after their intervention.
Weakness: Before the enrolment little was share by the participant about intervention applied before. This affected the process of research.
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After the intervention of the veterans, the research observes at the time of one year that significant reduction in the severity of the PSTD. The continued support for those individuals to support their long-term results and benefits. | The research suggested that regular cooperation is required treating the problem of the PSTD and for the more extended sustainable results continuous efforts can reveal the results.
It also concluded that veterans have less responsibility than that of other group treating in the counselling centre. By using the RCT, further research can be made to elaborate the limited discussion in this research paper. |
| Theme: Effects of Violent offences mad by UK military in Iraq & Afghanistan | ||||||
| Violent offending by UK military personnel deployed to Iraq
and Afghanistan: a data linkage cohort study
Deirdre MacManus, Kimberlie Dean, Margaret Jones, Roberto J Rona, Neil Greenberg, Lisa Hull, Tom Fahy, Simon Wessely, Nicola T Fear (2013) 381: 907-17
Articles
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Description of the offending during the lifetime of the participants and assessment of the risk factor for violent offending. |
Cohort Study Methodology
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Population: Personnel from period 2004-05 and 2007-09.
Sample 13856
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Strength: Randomly collect the data, which help the research and the observer to assess the issue adequately.
Weakness: Lack of the classified information and clear depiction of the PSTD. |
The finding unfolded that objective data, which confirms finding that, are self-reported data. The study improves methods to research about the violent behaviour in the military populations. The finding also confirms that information provided in the research can better assess the violence risk in serving and the retired members of armed forces of the UK. |
The study implies in the research those mental health-related problems, essential effects, and the best management of the use of alcohol, post-traumatic stress order, hyperactive arousal symptoms in personnel and aggressive behaviour of the individual might reduce the risk of the violence. The study can further enlarge to acquire more result for the long-term mental intervention programs. |
| Theme: Factors affecting UK military personnel To seek PSTD interventions. | ||||||
| Exploring positive pathways to care for members
of the UK Armed Forces receiving treatment for PTSD: a qualitative study
Dominic Murphy, Elizabeth Hunt, Olga Luzon & Neil Greenberg (2014)
European Journal of Psych traumatology
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To Examine the facilitations provided to the military personnel of the UK with PSTD to engage them in help-seeking behaviours. | Qualitative study | Population:
UK serving personnel
Sample: 8 to 10 |
Strength:
Observation of all the military personnel’s. There was no conflict of study in the research process.
Weakness: Generalization is the study and less specification of the number of Armed forces members.
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Specific serious factors confront those members of the armed forces who accessed to the services of the mental health. The internal stigma of developing the ability to control the internal locus appears as a critical in supporting soldier in help-seeking behaviour. | Three are the areas that might support the individual to demand help. The study implies that facing difficulties and the help unfolded that problems have the psychological component. The second factor is the feeling of the individual that he is no alone to face these difficulties. The third factor that convinces the individual to seek help is feeling empowered and by this control on the internal locus. By understanding the reliability of these factors, a military commander has the insight to prepare the strategy for the efficient stigma-reducing programme. |
| Theme: OIF veterans excessive use of Alcohol and PTSD | ||||||
| Trauma-Related Correlates of Alcohol Use in Recently Deployed
OEF/OIF Veterans.
Christy Capone, Ashlee C. McGrath, Madhavi K. Reddy, and M. Tracie Shea1, (2013) 26: 354-360
Journal of Traumatic Stress
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The examination of the trauma-related correlations of the recently deployed operation Iraqi and operation enduring freedom veterans. Multiple regressive analysis has examined the outcomes of the drinking, after calculating the gender, age, AUD history of Individual.
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Longitudinal Study | Population:
North East military community.
Sample: 72 |
Strength:
Multiple analysis of the case with different angles and research.
Weakness: Lack of specification in numbing and avoidance symptoms with the results of the drinking, research by the author. |
The study reveals that total PTSD symptoms excluding the exposure of combat significantly use the predicted alcohol at the assessment of initial stages. | The finding of the research has significant implications for the intervention of composite occurring of the SUD and PTSD. The treatment used by the author will benefit both of the mental health problems. There is need to address the negative associative symptoms that are connected with the intervention of the AUDs. |
| Theme: Moderating role of PSTD in connecting Social support & suicidal Risk. |
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| DOES PTSD MODERATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SOCIAL SUPPORT AND SUICIDE RISK IN IRAQ AND AFGHANISTAN WAR VETERANS SEEKING MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT?
Matthew Jakupcak, PhD, Steven Vannoy, Ph.D., Zac Imel, Ph.D., Jessica W. Cook, Ph.D., Alan Fontana, Ph.D., Robert Rosenheck, M.D., and Miles McFall, PhD (2010)
Depression and Anxiety
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Examining the significance of the PTSD as a helpful moderator entity in building the relationship between the societal support and the evolving risk of suicide in treatment sample seeking by the veterans of Afghanistan and Iraq.
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Cross-sectional Data Sample. |
Population: 431
Sample size: 56
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Strength:
Self-report measurement in treatment was seeking samples.
Weakness:
Result for ultimate finding cannot be assumed. |
Married veterans show higher satisfaction with the social support and networks. However, thirteen percent were elevated as the risk for suicide. Those who are reporting to PSTD have increased rate of death than those connected with each other in particular kind of relation. | The practical implication of the study shows that clinician should approach for the satisfaction of war veteran. Social networks are also crucial for decreasing the suicide rate.
The members of the families of the veterans must be educated and information along with community mental facilitations to stop the personnel from suicide.
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| Theme: Role of PSTD and trauma-related guilt in suicidal ideation |
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| Trauma-Related Guilt Mediates the
The relationship between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Suicidal Ideation in OEF/OIF/ OND Veterans
JESSICA C. TRIPP, MS, AND MEGHAN E. MCDEVITT-MURPHY, PHD (2017)
American Association of sociology
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The components of the trauma-related guilt were examined in the study as the serial mediators of the relationship between PTSD and SI. Necessary attention is given to the trauma related to sin in the veterans facing PTSD to stop SI. | Participant and Procedure | Population:
African American population
Sample: 53 |
Strength:
Research Provided a comprehensive study with long-term implications.
Weakness: Results are negative after research, which shows the lack of proper research. |
There are various clinical findings with this study. The trauma-related guilt resulted in the adverse outcomes. The ideation of the suicide and severity in PTSD convince the clinicians to check the while assessing the combats and the veterans closely. | Sure are the limitation that is notable for the researcher. The ability of the researcher limited sue to the selection of those veterans that face VAMC clinical services. The practical part of the research needs further elaboration to eliminate certain limitations. |
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Theme: Perceived social reactions and treatment seeking veterans.
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| Associations Between Perceived Social Reactions to Trauma-Related
Experiences With PTSD and Depression Among Veterans Seeking PTSD Treatment.
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The study observes to validate the US veterans structure and to evaluate the hypothesis that general and family are related with PTSD and the Depression among the soldiers of the United States. | Participant and procedure method. | Population
US military Veterans.
Sample 198 |
Strength :
Provide well-fitting finding and support the original finding. First study to acknowledge sociality of veterans.
Weakness: Overestimated and limited information presented in the model. It needs further study. |
The participants are the US military officials already experienced the trauma, and they receive intake evaluation through the source of Veterans Affairs programme of PSTD interventions. The result was similar to the previous studies and supported the three-factor SAQ model the construction of social acknowledgement, family and general disapproval were the unfolded through this study. | The present research was aim at the test of the associations among trauma-related experiences and the perceived social reactions and the veterans seeking interventions for depression and related issues. The practice of the research is to reduce the complex role social health processes following the disease of trauma. Those finding that are failing in this study needs further study and elaboration to conclude the problem of veterans seeking trauma interventions. |
References
Capone, C., McGrath, A.C., Reddy, M.K. and Shea, M.T., 2013. Trauma‐related correlates of alcohol use in recently deployed OEF/OIF veterans. Journal of traumatic stress, 26(3), pp.354-360.
Greenberg, N., Iversen, A., Hull, L., Bland, D. and Wessely, S., 2008. Getting the peace of the action: measures of post-traumatic stress in UK military peacekeepers. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 101(2), pp.78-84.
Hahn, A.M., Tirabassi, C.K., Simons, R.M. and Simons, J.S., 2015. Military sexual trauma, combat exposure, and negative urgency as independent predictors of PTSD and subsequent alcohol problems among OEF/OIF veterans. Psychological services, 12(4), p.378.
Iversen, A.C., van Staden, L., Hughes, J.H., Browne, T., Hull, L., Hall, J., Greenberg, N., Rona, R.J., Hotopf, M., Wessely, S. and Fear, N.T., 2009. The prevalence of common mental disorders and PTSD in the UK military: using data from a clinical interview-based study. BMC psychiatry, 9(1), p.68.
Jakupcak, M., Vannoy, S., Imel, Z., Cook, J.W., Fontana, A., Rosenheck, R. and McFall, M., 2010. Does PTSD moderate the relationship between social support and suicide risk in Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans seeking mental health treatment?. Depression and anxiety, 27(11), pp.1001-1005.
MacManus, D., Dean, K., Jones, M., Rona, R.J., Greenberg, N., Hull, L., Fahy, T., Wessely, S. and Fear, N.T., 2013. Violent offending by UK military personnel deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan: a data linkage cohort study. The Lancet, 381(9870), pp.907-917.
Murphy, D., Hodgman, G., Carson, C., Spencer-Harper, L., Hinton, M., Wessely, S. and Busuttil, W., 2015. Mental health and functional impairment outcomes following a 6-week intensive treatment programme for UK military veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a naturalistic study to explore dropout and health outcomes at follow-up. BMJ Open, 5(3), p.e007051.
Murphy, D., Hunt, E., Luzon, O. and Greenberg, N., 2014. Exploring positive pathways to care for members of the UK Armed Forces receiving treatment for PTSD: a qualitative study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), p.21759.
Murphy, D., Spencer-Harper, L., Carson, C., Palmer, E., Hill, K., Sorfleet, N., Wessely, S. and Busuttil, W., 2016. Long-term responses to treatment in UK veterans with military-related PTSD: an observational study. BMJ Open, 6(9), p.e011667.
Schumm, J.A., Koucky, E.M. and Bartel, A., 2014. Associations Between Perceived Social Reactions to Trauma‐Related Experiences With PTSD and Depression Among Veterans Seeking PTSD Treatment. Journal of traumatic stress, 27(1), pp.50-57.
Tripp, J.C. and McDevitt‐Murphy, M.E., 2017. Trauma‐related guilt mediates the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and suicidal ideation in OEF/OIF/OND veterans. Suicide and life-threatening behaviour, 47(1), pp.78-85.
Hahn, A.M., Tirabassi, C.K., Simons, R.M. and Simons, J.S., 2015. Military sexual trauma, combat exposure, and negative urgency as independent predictors of PTSD and subsequent alcohol problems among OEF/OIF veterans. Psychological services, 12(4), p.378.
